Peak amplitude: the price multiplier effect

2009 ◽  
pp. 117-149
Author(s):  
Bertrand M. Roehner
Keyword(s):  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Multiplier Effect

On the Concept of the Foreign Exchange Multiplier

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
J. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Supply Elasticity ◽  
Aggregate Supply ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Special Case

Although in recent years there has been increasing recognition of the import¬ance of intermediary imports, the conventional Keynesian treatment of aggregate " supply has-generally been adopted. By assuming supply elasticity and conditions of over-production, such imports are treated as a leakage and-therefore deflationary. This paper investigates another special case which may be a more realistic model for many industrialising economies like Pakistan. Namely, J,y assuming supply bottlenecks and the technical dependence of domestic production on imported inputs, an increase in imports may be inflationary and have an import or foreign exchange multiplier effect.

Problems and prospects of innovative development of enterprises of agroindustrial business

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
O. N. Kolomyts
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Barriers To Innovation ◽  
Multiplier Effect

The article deals with the main barriers to innovation development directly or indirectly affecting the activities of agricultural enterprises. The directions of development of innovations in the enterprises of the agricultural sector are proposed, which will lead to the maximum effect in terms of the multiplier effect on the economy as a whole.

Exhibition and Trade Fair Activity and Economic Crises: response measures and factors for recovery

Communicology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
A.A. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Trade Fair ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exhibition Industry

The paper represents the analysis of the impact on the exhibition and trade fair activity of the Russian Federation during crisis situations caused by external factors. The author examined the major anticrisis measures, industry statistics and the main trends in the postcrisis phase. The fundamental role of the exhibition industry as a tool is caused by stimulation of economic sectors recovery from the crisis due to the multiplier effect. The particular relevance of the article is justified by a comprehensive study of the state of the industry during the current crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The author provides an overview of main government support measures for the industry and explains factors that have reduced some of these measures. Also, the author examined in detail activities of non-governmental organizations and associations of the exhibition industry in lobbying for the provision of state support and educational and legal assistance to Russian exhibition companies. Thus, the importance of coordinating activities of all participants in the exhibition industry and, in particular, further consolidation of interaction at the level of industry associations, becomes apparent. Besides, the author suggests a number of measures, such as highlighting exhibitions, trade fairs and congresses from the list of mass events following the example of Germany, introducing insurability for exhibition organizers in case of postponement or cancellation of events due to emergency circumstances, standardizing public health and hygiene rules. Their practical application should mitigate the way out of the current situation.

Study of plate vibrating in fluids having part-through crack at random angles and locations

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110127
Author(s):  
Ruqia Ikram ◽  
Asif Israr
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Response ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Crack Location ◽  
Cracked Plate ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency Response ◽  
Angle Crack ◽  
Crack Angle

This study presents the vibration characteristics of plate with part-through crack at random angles and locations in fluid. An experimental setup was designed and a series of tests were performed for plates submerged in fluid having cracks at selected angles and locations. However, it was not possible to study these characteristics for all possible crack angles and crack locations throughout the plate dimensions at any fluid level. Therefore, an analytical study is also carried out for plate having horizontal cracks submerged in fluid by adding the influence of crack angle and crack location. The effect of crack angle is incorporated into plate equation by adding bending and twisting moments, and in-plane forces that are applied due to antisymmetric loading, while the influence of crack location is also added in terms of compliance coefficients. Galerkin’s method is applied to get time dependent modal coordinate system. The method of multiple scales is used to find the frequency response and peak amplitude of submerged cracked plate. The analytical model is validated from literature for the horizontally cracked plate submerged in fluid as according to the best of the authors’ knowledge, literature lacks in results for plate with crack at random angle and location in the presence of fluid following validation with experimental results. The combined effect of crack angle, crack location and fluid on the natural frequencies and peak amplitude are investigated in detail. Phenomenon of bending hardening or softening is also observed for different boundary conditions using nonlinear frequency response curves.

Selective Determination of Entecavir in the Presence of Its Oxidative Degradate by Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba M El-Sayed ◽  
Laila E Abdel Fattah ◽  
Hisham E Abdellatef ◽  
Maha A Hegazy ◽  
Mai M Abd El-Aziz
Keyword(s):  
High Selectivity ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Selective Determination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Development And Validation

Abstract Background Entecavir (ENT) is an antiretroviral agent prescribed for treatment of HBV and HIV. Objective Development and validation of three simple, sensitive, selective, and precise methods for determination of ENT in presence of its oxidative degradation product (ENT deg.). Methods The first method was based on second derivative (D2) spectrophotometry through measuring the peak amplitude of D2 spectra at 293.6 nm. The second one is mean centering of the ratio spectra (MCR), which allowed measuring the peak amplitude at 280.0 nm. While the third method was HPLC; where ENT was separated from ENT deg. using Zobrax C18column and methanol: water (30:70, v/v), pH 3 as a mobile phase. The three developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. Results Linearity range of ENT was 5.00–50.00 μg/mL for both D2and MCR. However, higher sensitivity was achieved using HPLC (1.00–50.00 μg/mL). Accuracy of ENT were 100.60%±0.547, 101.55%±1.2071 and 100.61%±1.207 for D2, MCR and HPLC methods, respectively, and precision was within 1.280. Conclusions The developed methods were successfully applied for the determination of ENT in Tecavir® tablets without interference from ENT deg. They showed no significant difference compared with the official method as well as they could be applied in the quality analysis of ENT with high selectivity, accuracy, and precision. Highlights ENT was quantified using two spectrophotometric (D2 and MCR) methods and an HPLC method in presence of ENT deg. The proposed methods were applied to analysis of ENT tablets with high selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy.

Money Multiplier Bias Due to Informal Sector: An Extension of the Existing Money Multiplier

2021 ◽  
pp. 227797872097988
Author(s):  
Khurrum S. Mughal ◽  
Friedrich G. Schneider ◽  
Faheem Aslam ◽  
Alishba Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Money Multiplier ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
The Impact

To demonstrate the impact of informal economy on the official money multiplier in currency supply, we present an extension of the basic money multiplier model. The influence of economic policies may differ if they are based only on official statistics without considering the informal sector. Since most of the activities in informal sector are hidden from authorities, it is widely assumed that these activities are based on cash transactions, a part of total currency that cannot be attracted towards deposits due to the holder’s fear of prosecution and taxation, etc. Therefore, it is expected that such currency holdings can give biased results by playing a role in the money multiplier, a phenomenon that is usually ignored while attempting to alter money supply. The article also indicates that because of informal sector, the currency deposit ratio in the money multiplier is smaller than expected (depending on size of the informal sector), leading to a larger multiplier effect. JEL Codes: E26, E51, O17

The Influence of Surface Electromyography Visual and Clinician Verbal Feedback on Swallow Effort Ratio at Different Bolus Volumes in a Healthy Population

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kristine E. Galek ◽  
Ed M. Bice
Keyword(s):  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Verbal Feedback ◽  
Feedback Group ◽  
Effortful Swallow ◽  
Liquid Bolus ◽  
Neuroplastic Change ◽  
Positive Effect

<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> The effortful swallow is a common treatment intervention requiring increased intensity to facilitate adaptations and modify swallow kinematics. The type of feedback and bolus volume provided may influence the intensity of the effortful swallow. To determine the increased effortful swallow intensity, a clinician can collect the peak amplitude of an effortful swallow and a typical swallow and compute a “swallow effort ratio” (SER). Dividing the effortful swallow surface electromyography (sEMG) peak amplitude by the typical swallow sEMG peak amplitude derives the SER. A higher SER suggests increased intensity. An increase in the SER may have clinical relevance in swallowing therapy as a threshold of intensity is required to elicit neuroplastic change. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether sEMG visual and clinician verbal feedback increases the SER. Additionally, the investigation examined whether the SER is influenced by different liquid bolus volumes. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Eighty-two nondysphagic, healthy adults were assigned at random to 2 groups. One group received no feedback, and the other received verbal and visual feedback while performing typical and effortful swallows at 3 liquid volumes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> An analysis of covariance compared the typical and effortful peak swallow amplitudes among 3 volumes in the 2 feedback groups. There was a significant effect on the peak amplitude values by feedback group <i>F</i>(2, 79) = 22.82, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001. There were no differences in peak amplitude by volume regardless of feedback <i>F</i>(2, 78) = 0.413, <i>p</i> = 0.663. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> It appears that sEMG visual and clinician verbal feedback increases the SER, which may be a surrogate for intensity. An increased SER may have a positive effect on swallow intervention as intensity is known to influence outcomes of exercise and elicit neuroplastic change.

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