Estimation of muscle mechanical work and tendon elastic energy during walking, based on inverse dynamic-base static optimization

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. S4-S5
Author(s):  
V. Monaco ◽  
S. Micera
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Inverse Dynamic ◽  
Static Optimization

The absorption of work by a muscle stretched during a single twitch or a short tetanus

1951 ◽  
Vol 139 (894) ◽  
pp. 86-104 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Relaxation Phase ◽  
Single Twitch ◽  
Work Done

When a stimulated muscle is stretched fairly quickly during the active phase of contraction, it resists strongly and mechanical work must be done in stretching it. What happens to this work? If the length to which the muscle is stretched is not too great no significant part of the work remains as mechanical (elastic) energy after the muscle has relaxed. The total heat produced up to the end of relaxation is greater than it would have been had no work been performed on the muscle, but the excess is too small to account for all the work done. It is concluded that the missing work, about half of the whole, is absorbed, presumably as chemical energy. If a stretch is applied entirely during the relaxation phase, when activity is over but tension is still present, the whole of the work performed reappears as heat. If the view is accepted that the missing work is absorbed in chemical synthesis, it appears that the physical system responsible for mechanical work is reversibly coupled, during the active state, with a chemical system providing the necessary energy; and that this coupling is broken when activity passes off. Other possible hypotheses, however, are discussed. The application to ordinary muscular movement is referred to.

scholarly journals Effect of elastic energy on the mechanical work and power enhancement in counter movement exercise of ankle joint

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norihide SUGISAKI ◽  
Junichi OKADA ◽  
Hiroaki KANEHISA ◽  
Tetsuo FUKUNAGA
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Power Enhancement

scholarly journals Mechanical efficiency of limb swing during walking and running in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 1618-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Rubenson ◽  
Richard L. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Inverse Dynamic ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Fast Running ◽  
Numida Meleagris

Understanding the mechanical determinants of the energy cost of limb swing is crucial for refining our models of locomotor energetics, as well as improving treatments for those suffering from impaired limb-swing mechanics. In this study, we use guinea fowl ( Numida meleagris) as a model to explore whether mechanical work at the joints explains limb-swing energy use by combining inverse dynamic modeling and muscle-specific energetics from blood flow measurements. We found that the overall efficiencies of the limb swing increased markedly from walking (3%) to fast running (17%) and are well below the usually accepted maximum efficiency of muscle, except at the fastest speeds recorded. The estimated efficiency of a single muscle used during ankle flexion (tibialis cranialis) parallels that of the total limb-swing efficiency (3% walking, 15% fast running). Taken together, these findings do not support the hypothesis that joint work is the major determinant of limb-swing energy use across the animal's speed range and warn against making simple predictions of energy use based on joint mechanical work. To understand limb-swing energy use, mechanical functions other than accelerating the limb segments need to be explored, including isometric force production and muscle work arising from active and passive antagonist muscle forces.

Multiple Sclerosis Alters the Mechanical Work Performed on the Body’s Center of Mass During Gait

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane R. Wurdeman ◽  
Jessie M. Huisinga ◽  
Mary Filipi ◽  
Nicholas Stergiou
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Negative Work ◽  
Positive Work

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have less-coordinated movements of the center of mass resulting in greater mechanical work. The purpose of this study was to quantify the work performed on the body’s center of mass by patients with MS. It was hypothesized that patients with MS would perform greater negative work during initial double support and less positive work in terminal double support. Results revealed that patients with MS perform less negative work in single support and early terminal double support and less positive work in the terminal double support period. However, summed over the entire stance phase, patients with MS and healthy controls performed similar amounts of positive and negative work on the body’s center of mass. The altered work throughout different periods in the stance phase may be indicative of a failure to capitalize on passive elastic energy mechanisms and increased reliance upon more active work generation to sustain gait.

scholarly journals Biomechanical and metabolic aspects of backward (and forward) running on uphill gradients: another clue towards an almost inelastic rebound

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 2507-2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rasica ◽  
S. Porcelli ◽  
A. E. Minetti ◽  
G. Pavei
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Predictive Equation ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Kinematic Data

Abstract Purpose On level, the metabolic cost (C) of backward running is higher than forward running probably due to a lower elastic energy recoil. On positive gradient, the ability to store and release elastic energy is impaired in forward running. We studied running on level and on gradient to test the hypothesis that the higher metabolic cost and lower efficiency in backward than forward running was due to the impairment in the elastic energy utilisation. Methods Eight subjects ran forward and backward on a treadmill on level and on gradient (from 0 to + 25%, with 5% step). The mechanical work, computed from kinematic data, C and efficiency (the ratio between total mechanical work and C) were calculated in each condition. Results Backward running C was higher than forward running at each condition (on average + 35%) and increased linearly with gradient. Total mechanical work was higher in forward running only at the steepest gradients, thus efficiency was lower in backward running at each gradient. Conclusion Efficiency decreased by increasing gradient in both running modalities highlighting the impairment in the elastic contribution on positive gradient. The lower efficiency values calculated in backward running in all conditions pointed out that backward running was performed with an almost inelastic rebound; thus, muscles performed most of the mechanical work with a high metabolic cost. These new backward running C data permit, by applying the recently introduced ‘equivalent slope’ concept for running acceleration, to obtain the predictive equation of metabolic power during level backward running acceleration.

scholarly journals Scaling of elastic energy storage in mammalian limb tendons: do small mammals really lose out?

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon R Bullimore ◽  
Jeremy F Burn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Kangaroo Rats ◽  
Percentage Contribution ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Kangaroo Rat ◽  
Energy Storage Capacity

It is widely believed that elastic energy storage is more important in the locomotion of larger mammals. This is based on: (a) comparison of kangaroos with the smaller kangaroo rat; and (b) calculations that predict that the capacity for elastic energy storage relative to body mass increases with size. Here we argue that: (i) data from kangaroos and kangaroo rats cannot be generalized to other mammals; (ii) the elastic energy storage capacity relative to body mass is not indicative of the importance of elastic energy to an animal; and (iii) the contribution of elastic energy to the mechanical work of locomotion will not increase as rapidly with size as the mass-specific energy storage capacity, because larger mammals must do relatively more mechanical work per stride. We predict how the ratio of elastic energy storage to mechanical work will change with size in quadrupedal mammals by combining empirical scaling relationships from the literature. The results suggest that the percentage contribution of elastic energy to the mechanical work of locomotion decreases with size, so that elastic energy is more important in the locomotion of smaller mammals. This now needs to be tested experimentally.

scholarly journals Muscle mechanics and energy expenditure of the triceps surae during rearfoot and forefoot running

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison H. Gruber ◽  
Brian R. Umberger ◽  
Ross H. Miller ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Forefoot Running ◽  
Metabolic Energy Expenditure

ABSTRACTForefoot running is advocated to improve running economy because of increased elastic energy storage than rearfoot running. This claim has not been assessed with methods that predict the elastic energy contribution to positive work or estimate muscle metabolic cost. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical work and metabolic cost of the gastrocnemius and soleus between rearfoot and forefoot running. Seventeen rearfoot and seventeen forefoot runners ran over-ground with their habitual footfall pattern (3.33-3.68m•s−1) while collecting motion capture and ground reaction force data. Ankle and knee joint angles and ankle joint moments served as inputs into a musculoskeletal model that calculated the mechanical work and metabolic energy expenditure of each muscle using Hill-based muscle models with contractile (CE) and series elastic (SEE) elements. A mixed-factor ANOVA assessed the difference between footfall patterns and groups (α=0.05). Forefoot running resulted in greater SEE mechanical work in the gastrocnemius than rearfoot running but no differences were found in CE mechanical work or CE metabolic energy expenditure. Forefoot running resulted in greater soleus SEE and CE mechanical work and CE metabolic energy expenditure than rearfoot running. The metabolic cost associated with greater CE velocity, force production, and activation during forefoot running may outweigh any metabolic energy savings associated with greater SEE mechanical work. Therefore, there was no energetic benefit at the triceps surae for one footfall pattern or the other. The complex CE-SEE interactions must be considered when assessing muscle metabolic cost, not just the amount of SEE strain energy.

The relationship between mechanical work and energy expenditure of locomotion in horses

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (17) ◽  
pp. 2329-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Minetti ◽  
L.P. Ardigò ◽  
E. Reinach ◽  
F. Saibene
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
External Work ◽  
Metabolic Energy Expenditure

Three-dimensional motion capture and metabolic assessment were performed on four standardbred horses while walking, trotting and galloping on a motorized treadmill at different speeds. The mechanical work was partitioned into the internal work (W(INT)), due to the speed changes of body segments with respect to the body centre of mass, and the external work (W(EXT)), due to the position and speed changes of the body centre of mass with respect to the environment. The estimated total mechanical work (W(TOT)=W(INT)+W(EXT)) increased with speed, while metabolic work (C) remained rather constant. As a consequence, the ‘apparent efficiency’ (eff(APP)=W(TOT)/C) increased from 10 % (walking) to over 100 % (galloping), setting the highest value to date for terrestrial locomotion. The contribution of elastic structures in the horse's limbs was evaluated by calculating the elastic energy stored and released during a single bounce (W(EL,BOUNCE)), which was approximately 1.23 J kg(−)(1) for trotting and up to 6 J kg(−)(1) for galloping. When taking into account the elastic energy stored by the spine bending and released as W(INT), as suggested in the literature for galloping, W(EL,BOUNCE) was reduced by 0.88 J kg(−)(1). Indirect evidence indicates that force, in addition to mechanical work, is also a determinant of the metabolic energy expenditure in horse locomotion.

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