scholarly journals Control, Coercion, and Cooptation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley X. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Identification Strategy

Abstract This article examines how rebels govern after winning a civil war. During war, both sides—rebels and their rivals—form ties with civilians to facilitate governance and to establish control. To consolidate power after war, the new rebel government engages in control through its ties in its wartime strongholds, through coercion in rival strongholds where rivals retain ties, and through cooptation by deploying loyal bureaucrats to oversee development in unsecured terrain where its ties are weak. These strategies help to explain subnational differences in postwar development. The author analyzes Zimbabwe's Liberation War (1972–1979) and its postwar politics (1980–1987) using a difference-in-differences identification strategy that leverages large-scale education reforms. Quantitative results show that development increased most quickly in unsecured terrain and least quickly in rival strongholds. Qualitative evidence from archival and interview data confirms the theorized logic. The findings deepen understanding of transitions from conflict to peace and offer important insights about how wartime experiences affect postwar politics.

The Effect of Large-scale Performance-Based Funding in Higher Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Ward ◽  
Ben Ost
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Performance Based Funding ◽  
State Higher Education ◽  
Identification Strategy

The use of performance-based funding that ties state higher education appropriations to performance metrics has increased dramatically in recent years, but most programs place at stake a small percent of overall funding. We analyze the effect of two notable exceptions—Ohio and Tennessee—where nearly all state funding is tied to performance measures. Using a difference-in-differences identification strategy along with a synthetic control approach, we find no evidence that these programs improve key academic outcomes.

Case Evidence: Conflict Trajectories in Indonesia, Ivory Coast, and Syria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
The Government

Two low-level armed conflicts, Indonesia’s East Timor and Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crises, provide detailed qualitative evidence of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) engaging in effective civil warpreventing activities in member-states. Highly structured IGOs threatened and sanctioned each of these states and offered (long-term) benefits conditional on successful crisis resolution. The governments were aware of and responded to these IGOs’ concerns, as did the rebels in these respective cases. The early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide a counterpoint. With Syria’s limited engagement in only few highly structured IGOs, the Syrian government ignored international calls for peace. And, without highly structured IGOs’ counterweight to curtail the government, the rebels saw little reason to stop their armed resistance. The result was a brutal and deadly civil war that continues today.

scholarly journals Early tracking and different types of inequalities in achievement: difference-in-differences evidence from 20 years of large-scale assessments

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-167
Author(s):  
Andrés Strello ◽  
Rolf Strietholt ◽  
Isa Steinmann ◽  
Charlotte Siepmann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
International Student ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Social Achievement ◽  
Mathematics And Science ◽  
Combined Data

AbstractResearch to date on the effects of between-school tracking on inequalities in achievement and on performance has been inconclusive. A possible explanation is that different studies used different data, focused on different domains, and employed different measures of inequality. To address this issue, we used all accumulated data collected in the three largest international assessments—PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study), and TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study)—in the past 20 years in 75 countries and regions. Following the seminal paper by Hanushek and Wößmann (2006), we combined data from a total of 21 cycles of primary and secondary school assessments to estimate difference-in-differences models for different outcome measures. We synthesized the effects using a meta-analytical approach and found strong evidence that tracking increased social achievement gaps, that it had smaller but still significant effects on dispersion inequalities, and that it had rather weak effects on educational inadequacies. In contrast, we did not find evidence that tracking increased performance levels. Besides these substantive findings, our study illustrated that the effect estimates varied considerably across the datasets used because the low number of countries as the units of analysis was a natural limitation. This finding casts doubt on the reproducibility of findings based on single international datasets and suggests that researchers should use different data sources to replicate analyses.

Drama and Environment: Joining Forces to Engage Children and Young People in Environmental Education

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Curtis ◽  
Mark Howden ◽  
Fran Curtis ◽  
Ian McColm ◽  
Juliet Scrine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Education ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
School Based ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Theatre Company ◽  
Theatre In Education

AbstractEngaging and exciting students about the environment remains a challenge in contemporary society, even while objective measures show the rapid state of the world's environment declining. To illuminate the integration of drama and environmental education as a means of engaging students in environmental issues, the work of performance companies Evergreen Theatre, Leapfish and Eaton Gorge Theatre Company, the ecological oratorio Plague and the Moonflower, and a school-based trial of play-building were examined through survey data and participant observations. These case studies employed drama in different ways — theatre-in-education, play-building, and large-scale performance event. The four case studies provide quantitative and qualitative evidence for drama-based activities leading to an improvement in knowledge about the environment and understandings about the consequences of one's actions. In observing and participating in these case studies, we reflect that drama is a means of synthesising and presenting scientific research in ways that are creative and multi-layered, and which excite students, helping maintain their attention and facilitating their engagement.

Early British Printing Meets the Electronic Age: A Large-Scale Digitization Case Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin J. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
English Renaissance ◽  
Digital Conversion

Imagine having at your desktop page images of books printed in English from the dawn of British hand-printing in 1475 through the English Renaissance, the tumultuous years of the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration to 1700. Picture yourself typing in a keyword such as an author's or printer's name and having the entire work, be it a one page broadside or a thousand page Bible, appear on the screen and be available to read or print. This project, perhaps the most ambitious microfilm-to-digital conversion attempted thus far, digitized over 22 million page images from ProQuest Information and Learning's

scholarly journals Challenging Fieldwork Researching Large-Scale Massacres in Algeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia zina Ghanem Yazbeck
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vicarious Traumatization ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Press Conference ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
History Of ◽  
At Home

This paper is based on my research experience in an area that was the scene of a massacre: Bentalha, a hamlet, 30 km away from the Algerian capital Algiers. This massacre took place on September 22-23, 1997 during the “black decade” (1991-2001), a period of the civil war during which 150,000 people were killed, 7,000[i] disappeared and 1 million internally displaced. After a background section on the history of this conflict, the paper describes the setting where my fieldwork took place. This article discusses my experience on the field as well as the emotions such as frustration, fear, anxiety and vicarious traumatization that I experienced in the process. It also addresses questions of self-reflexivity, positionality and the insider/outsider status. I am writing from the perspective of an Algerian sociologist trained in France, yet my experience in doing fieldwork “at home” can be useful to other scholars who do or plan to do fieldwork in dangerous places in their countries or societies.Notes[i]. It is very hard to obtain an accurate estimate of the total number of victims. However, the Algerian President, Abdelaziz Bouteflika declared during a press conference in Paris on June 2000 that the number of victims was 150,000.

Variation in Swedish address practices

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 18.1-18.15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catrin Elisabeth Norrby
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Service Encounters ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Quantitative Results

This article explores variation in address in contemporary Swedish in Sweden-Swedish and Finland-Swedish. The research is part of a large-scale Australian project on changes in the address systems of French, German and Swedish. The present article focuses on results from 72 social network interviews conducted in Sweden (Gothenburg) and Finland (Vaasa). Both quantitative results (questionnaire part) and qualitative results (interview part) are presented. The findings suggest that the V pronoun of address – ni – is gradually disappearing in both national varieties. This tendency is clearly stronger in Sweden-Swedish; in spoken Sweden-Swedish V hardly exists any more, except for a controversial re-entry in communication between the young and middleaged and the very old in service encounters (c.f. Mårtensson 1986). Furthermore the results indicate that there is considerable variation between written (impersonal) and spoken Sweden-Swedish with a much higher acceptance for the V pronoun in written, impersonal contexts. The study demonstrates that national variation is considerable with much more use of V in Finland-Swedish.

Military Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 248-299
Author(s):  
Zoltan Barany
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Military Performance ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Gcc Countries

In Chapter 6 the various strands of the study come together as the actual performance of the Gulf armies is appraised. Given the limited involvement of GCC countries in military operations, the available evidence to base judgments upon their battlefield effectiveness is slender. Therefore, the analysis integrates lessons that may be learned from training and large-scale exercises GCC armies have participated in. To understand Gulf armies’ deficiencies, special attention is paid to the instruction and cultural aspects of the most prestigious military specialization, pilot training. In the second section the scant foreign deployment of Gulf militaries is examined, with special emphasis on the UAE, the only GCC army with extensive experience in this area. The bulk of this chapter centers on the ongoing civil war in Yemen in which the Saudi and Emirati armed forces have played a major role, thus allowing us the opportunity to assess their performance.

Kto Kovo? Tribes and jihad in Pushtun Lands

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-58
Author(s):  
Mike Martin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
The Relationship

Based on interview data from Helmand Province, Afghanistan, this chapter explores the relationship between tribalism and jihadism from 1978-2015. The authors argue that local actors, predominantly tribal, have taken on the mantles of different jihadi organizations in order to gain funding as a way of increasing their leverage in local conflicts with other actors. This relationship holds true in Helmand through the ‘jihad’ against the Soviet Union in the 1980s, the civil war, the Taliban era, and the post-2001 US-led nation-building period. The author concludes that jihadi organizations, or other external organizations, need to understand and work with tribal dynamics in order to achieve their aims in tribal territories.

scholarly journals Moral Religiosities: How Morality Structures Religious Understandings during the Transition to Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rotolo
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
National Study ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Moral Orientations ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Religiosity remains an important sociological concept, from assessing religion’s effects on various outcomes to describing large-scale religious change. And yet conceptualizing religiosity—as a measure of intensity of religious practice—requires accounting for how respondents understand religious practice. Drawing on four waves of longitudinal interview data from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR), this paper examines the religious understandings of young Americans as they develop over 10 years. I find that respondents’ religious understandings are shaped by deeper moral orientations that broadly structure their lives. From these moral orientations, I theorize four ideal types of religious practitioners that help explain complex patterns of religiosity in America—the Congregant, the Believer, the Spiritualist, and the Metaphysician. Recognizing the moral orders that structure young Americans’ religious understandings opens new pathways for theorizing religion’s influence and change over time.

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