scholarly journals Comparative leucocyte populations between two sympatric carnivores (Nasua narica and Procyon lotor)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Rendón-Franco ◽  
Osvaldo López-Díaz ◽  
Oscar Rodríguez-Espinosa ◽  
Nora Rojas-Serranía ◽  
Roberto Rodríguez-Cabo-Mercado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Procyon Lotor ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Kinetic Assay ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Nasua Narica

Abstract Coatis (Nasua narica) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) potentially play an important role in zoonotic diseases because they may carry pathogens and can transmit them to humans. To date, our understanding of the immune function of these two carnivores is deficient. The aim of this study was to compare the number of leucocyte subtypes and the phagocytic capacity between the coati and the raccoon. Blood samples were collected, and leucocyte subtypes were characterized and counted by flow cytometry and microscopy, respectively. Phagocytosis was analysed by kinetic assay. Differences in leucocytes between these two species were found; the total count of neutrophils was higher in raccoons than in coatis, but lymphocytes and eosinophils were higher in coatis than in raccoons. Antigen reduction was more rapid for the coatis. However, raccoons had a higher efficient endocytic process than coatis. This study provides the basis for understanding the procyonid immune system, which informs conservation, particularly since some procyonids are imperilled.

scholarly journals Changes in circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in pigs receiving therapeutic doses of ceftiofur and tulathromycin

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors ◽  
Krzysztof Kwit ◽  
Zygmunt Pejsak ◽  
Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Dose ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Lymphocyte Subpopulations ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Contrast Administration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of administration of therapeutic doses of ceftiofur and tulathromycin on the circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy pigs. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on thirty healthy 7- to 10-week-old pigs, assigned to three groups: the TUL group, injected with tulathromycin (n = 10); the CEF group, injected with ceftiofur (n = 10); and the C group, the control with no antibiotic administration (n = 10). Blood samples were collected before, during, and after treatment with antimicrobials. Lymphocyte subpopulations circulating in the blood were determined by immunostaining and flow cytometry analyses. Results: Following administration of a therapeutic dose of tulathromycin, there were no changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations circulating in blood. In contrast, administration of ceftiofur at the recommended dose decreased the absolute number of CD3+, CD21+, CD4+CD8-, CD4-CD8+, and double positive CD4CD8 cells. Conclusion: Results from the study indicate that ceftiofur possesses the ability to modulate the immune system in healthy pigs by decreasing lymphocyte subpopulations circulating in blood.

Immune Modulator Studies in Primates: The Utility of Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry in the Identification and Characterization of Immunotoxicity

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Lappin ◽  
L.E. Black
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Marker Expression

Exposure to natural environmental products, biopharmaceuticals, or investigational adjuvants has the potential to negatively impact the immune system, resulting in either up- or downregulation of immune function (immunomodulation). Many current protocols for primate toxicologic testing call for the evaluation of changes in immune cell number (peripheral blood or tissue), alterations in the weights of immune system organs (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus), and/or increases in the overall incidence of infections or neoplasms; these data are relied upon to suggest altered immune function. However, these are informative only when clear differences in frequency and/or severity of effects can be distinguished across control and dosed groups. In the absence of such distinct morphologic or clinical pathologic changes, the identification of potential immunomodulatory effects can present a much greater challenge. Additional evaluations may be needed to detect altered immune system integrity; these are based on in vivo assessments in primates of cellular or humoral responsiveness. Immunomodulatory effects can be characterized by in vitro or in vivo immune function tests; these tests require prestudy planning to integrate assessments into ongoing toxicology programs. These methods also involve specialized training and equipment, particularly if the intent is to evaluate parameters in a GLP laboratory setting. In primate toxicology, the added costs required to perform a complete functional analysis of the immune system can be substantial, but may be warranted depending on the clinical development plans. Two analytical methods that are easily incorporated into the standard toxicology profile in primates are flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry (FC) is used to assess changes in the relative distribution of immune cell marker expression, and where marker expression is known to fluctuate with the state of cell activation, can also provide information on functional attributes of immune cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides a means to evaluate similar characteristics of immune cells within tissue sections. Used together, FC and IHC can aid in the identification of changes in immune system that may not be apparent by traditional testing procedures (such as H&E staining), thus aiding in the characterization of immune system alterations. This presentation focused on the utility of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in a standard primate toxicology evaluation, with representative examples showing the benefits of these technologies in the diagnosis of potential immunomodulatory effects.

Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
Anagha Gulhane ◽  
Shamli Hiware
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Life Phase ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Nutritional Recommendation

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

scholarly journals Effects of age on immune function in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bochen Song ◽  
Dazhi Tang ◽  
Shaojia Yan ◽  
Hao Fan ◽  
Guang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cell Ratio ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Background There are many diseases in poultry, many of which are caused by poor immune function. It is not clear how cytokines and various immune cell functions change with age in modern broilers. The purpose of this study was to explore the patterns of development of the immunity of the broiler chickens in cage. Results The results showed that there were 3 development patterns of immunity in the broiler chickens. The first pattern was Down-Up. Cytokines and some immune indicators first decreased and then increased, and the lowest levels of immunity basically occurred from d 6 to 13. The second pattern was Up-Down, and from d 30 to 34, the highest levels of non-specific cellular immunity components, such as the peripheral blood mononuclear macrophage ratio, specific cellular immunity components, such as the peripheral blood helper T (Th) cell ratio and T cell and B cell proliferation activity, and mucosal immunity components, such as the ileal CD4, TGF-β1 and IgA mRNA levels, were observed. The third pattern was Up-Up, and the levels of the non-specific cellular immunity components, such as the serum nitric oxide (NO), C3 and C4 levels, the specific cellular immunity components, such as the spleen index, peripheral blood IL-2, IFN-γ/IL-4, cytotoxic T (Tc) cell ratio, and splenic NF-κB mRNA levels, the humoral immunity components, such as the serum IgG level, the mucosal immunity components, such as the ileal MHC-II, CD3d, TCRβ subunit, TCRζ subunit, IFN-γ, pIgR mRNA and ileal mucosa sIgA levels, were continuing to increase from d 1 to 34. Conclusions It could be concluded that the immune system and its function have not developed well in the broiler chickens d 6 to 13 and that the immune system does not mature until d 30 to 34 in the broiler chickens in cages. It is necessary to enhance the immune function of the broiler chickens through nutritional measures from d 1 to 30.

scholarly journals Coenzyme Q10 and Immune Function: An Overview

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
David Mantle ◽  
Robert A. Heaton ◽  
Iain P. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Inflammatory Gene Expression ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Coq10 Supplementation ◽  
Lipid Soluble Antioxidant

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has a number of important roles in the cell that are required for optimal functioning of the immune system. These include its essential role as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, enabling the process of oxidative phosphorylation to occur with the concomitant production of ATP, together with its role as a potential lipid-soluble antioxidant, protecting the cell against free radical-induced oxidation. Furthermore, CoQ10 has also been reported to have an anti-inflammatory role via its ability to repress inflammatory gene expression. Recently, CoQ10 has also been reported to play an important function within the lysosome, an organelle central to the immune response. In view of the differing roles CoQ10 plays in the immune system, together with the reported ability of CoQ10 supplementation to improve the functioning of this system, the aim of this article is to review the current literature available on both the role of CoQ10 in human immune function and the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on this system.

scholarly journals Alveolar compartmentalization of inflammatory and immune cell biomarkers in pneumonia-related ARDS

Critical Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inès Bendib ◽  
Asma Beldi-Ferchiou ◽  
Frédéric Schlemmer ◽  
Mathieu Surenaud ◽  
Bernard Maitre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Clinical Endpoint ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Serum Ratio ◽  
Immunocompetent Patients

Abstract Background Biomarkers of disease severity might help individualizing the management of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Whether the alveolar compartmentalization of biomarkers has a clinical significance in patients with pneumonia-related ARDS is unknown. This study aimed at assessing the interrelation of ARDS/sepsis biomarkers in the alveolar and blood compartments and explored their association with clinical outcomes. Methods Immunocompetent patients with pneumonia-related ARDS admitted between 2014 and 2018 were included in a prospective monocentric study. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood samples were obtained within 48 h of admission. Twenty-two biomarkers were quantified in BAL fluid and serum. HLA-DR+ monocytes and CD8+ PD-1+ lymphocytes were quantified using flow cytometry. The primary clinical endpoint of the study was hospital mortality. Patients undergoing a bronchoscopy as part of routine care were included as controls. Results Seventy ARDS patients were included. Hospital mortality was 21.4%. The BAL fluid-to-serum ratio of IL-8 was 20 times higher in ARDS patients than in controls (p < 0.0001). ARDS patients with shock had lower BAL fluid-to-serum ratio of IL-1Ra (p = 0.026), IL-6 (p = 0.002), IP-10/CXCL10 (p = 0.024) and IL-10 (p = 0.023) than others. The BAL fluid-to-serum ratio of IL-1Ra was more elevated in hospital survivors than decedents (p = 0.006), even after adjusting for SOFA and driving pressure (p = 0.036). There was no significant association between alveolar or alveolar/blood monocytic HLA-DR or CD8+ lymphocytes PD-1 expression and hospital mortality. Conclusions IL-8 was the most compartmentalized cytokine and lower BAL fluid-to-serum concentration ratios of IL-1Ra were associated with hospital mortality in patients with pneumonia-associated ARDS.

scholarly journals A Multiplex, Droplet Digital PCR Assay for the Detection of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles and Kappa-Deleting Recombination Excision Circles

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracie Profaizer ◽  
Patricia Slev
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Reference Gene ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Excision Circles

Abstract BACKGROUND T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and κ-deleting recombination receptor excision circles (KREC) concentrations can be used to assess and diagnose immune deficiencies, monitor thymic and bone marrow immune reconstitution, or follow responses to drug therapy. We developed an assay to quantify TREC, KREC, and a reference gene in a single reaction using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). METHODS PCR was optimized for 3 targets: TREC, KREC, and ribonuclease P/MRP subunit p30 (RPP30) as the reference gene. Multiplexing was accomplished by varying the target's fluorophore and concentration. Correlation with clinical results was evaluated using 47 samples from healthy donors, 59 samples with T-cell and B-cell markers within the reference interval from the flow cytometry laboratory, 20 cord blood samples, and 34 samples submitted for exome sequencing for severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). RESULTS The limit of the blank was 4 positive droplets, limit of detection 9 positive droplets, and limit of quantification 25 positive droplets, or 2.0 copies/μL. TREC and KREC copies/μL were as expected in the healthy donors and cord blood samples and concordant with the healthy flow cytometry results. Of the samples from the SCID Panel, 56.5% had a TREC count &lt;20 copies/μL and 17.7% had a KREC count &lt;20 copies/μL, suggestive of low T- and B-cell numbers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our multiplex ddPCR assay is an analytically sensitive and specific method for the absolute quantification of TREC and KREC. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to describe the simultaneous quantification of TREC, KREC, and a reference gene by use of ddPCR.

scholarly journals Comparison of a Classical Phagocytosis Assay and a Flow Cytometry Assay for Assessment of the Phagocytic Capacity of Sera from Adults Vaccinated with a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter T. M. Jansen ◽  
Merja Väkeväinen-Anttila ◽  
Helena Käyhty ◽  
Moon Nahm ◽  
N. Bakker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Phagocytosis Assay ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Killing Assay ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Low Sensitivity

ABSTRACT Antibody- and complement-mediated phagocytosis is the main defense mechanism against Streptococcus pneumoniae. A standardized, easy to perform phagocytosis assay for pneumococci would be a great asset for the evaluation of the potential efficacy of (experimental) pneumococcal vaccines. Such an assay could replace the laborious phagocytosis assay of viable pneumococci (classical killing assay). Therefore, a newly developed phagocytosis assay based on flow cytometry (flow assay) was compared with the conventional killing assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using sera obtained from adults pre- and postvaccination with either a bivalent conjugate, a tetravalent conjugate, or the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine. Highly significant correlations were observed between flow assay phagocytosis titers, killing assay phagocytosis titers, and ELISA antibody titers for serotype 6B and 23F as well. For serotype 19F, strong correlations were only observed between killing assay and ELISA titers. A potential drawback of the flow assay might be the low sensitivity compared with that of the killing assay. The choice of what assay to use, however, will depend on the objectives of the assay. When speed, easy performance, sample throughput, improved worker safety, absence of influence of antibiotics, and absence of false positives are the major criteria, the flow assay is the method of choice. When higher sensitivity is the major requirement, the classical killing assay should be used.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document