scholarly journals Natural Variation of Barley Vernalization Requirements: Implication of Quantitative Variation of Winter Growth Habit as an Adaptive Trait in East Asia

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Saisho ◽  
Makoto Ishii ◽  
Kiyosumi Hori ◽  
Kazuhiro Sato
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Quantitative Variation ◽  
Adaptive Trait ◽  
Winter Growth Habit

Allele variation in loci for adaptive response in Bulgarian wheat cultivars and landraces and its effect on heading date

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kolev ◽  
Dimitar Vassilev ◽  
Kostadin Kostov ◽  
Elena Todorovska
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Allele Composition ◽  
Sensitive Allele ◽  
Allele Variation ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
Winter Growth Habit

Allele composition at the major growth habit (Ppd-D1, Vrn-1, Rht-1 and Rht8) loci was determined in 52 Bulgarian bread wheat cultivars and landraces, using recently developed diagnostic molecular markers. The study showed that Bulgarian wheat germplasm varies for photoperiod, vernalization and height-reducing genes. The photoperiod-sensitive allele (Ppd-D1b) was the most frequent one in the old cultivars and landraces (90.9%), while the photoperiod-insensitive allele (Ppd-D1a) showed the highest frequency in the modern cultivars (96.71%). The alleles conferring winter growth habit (vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1) were more common in both the old (72.7%) and the modern (93.3%) wheat genotypes. The spring allele Vrn-A1c was not detected in Bulgarian germplasm, while the spring allele Vrn-B1 was found only in the old genotypes (13.6%). The semi-dwarfing allele Rht-B1b was observed in several modern cultivars. Seven allele variants were found in the microsatellite locus Xgwm261, closely located to the Rht8 gene. Among them, alleles of 164, 212 and 216 bp length were specific for the old genotypes studied, while alleles of 192 and 202 bp length were specific for the modern ones. The allele combination Rht-B1b//192 or 202 bp allele (Xgwm261 locus)//Ppd-D1a//vrn-A1/vrn–B1/vrn-D1 was detected in most of the early-heading modern cultivars. Our study emphasizes on the plasticity of the adaptive response of bread wheat cultivars sown in Bulgaria, as well as on the effect of variation for major growth habit on some yield and reproductive characteristics.

Natural variation in a homolog of Antirrhinum CENTRORADIALIS contributed to spring growth habit and environmental adaptation in cultivated barley

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1388-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Comadran ◽  
Benjamin Kilian ◽  
Joanne Russell ◽  
Luke Ramsay ◽  
Nils Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Variation ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Environmental Adaptation ◽  
Spring Growth Habit ◽  
Cultivated Barley

Evolutionary dynamics of quantitative variation in an adaptive trait at the regional scale: The case of zinc hyperaccumulation in Arabidopsis halleri

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (16) ◽  
pp. 3257-3273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Babst-Kostecka ◽  
Henk Schat ◽  
Pierre Saumitou-Laprade ◽  
Krystyna Grodzińska ◽  
Angélique Bourceaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Quantitative Variation ◽  
Arabidopsis Halleri ◽  
Adaptive Trait

scholarly journals Correlation of Vernalization Loci VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 and Growth Habit in Barley Germplasm

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mohammadi ◽  
Davoud Torkamaneh ◽  
Hamid-Reza Nikkhah
Keyword(s):  
Critical Region ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Vernalization Requirement ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Spring Type ◽  
Barley Germplasm ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Winter Growth Habit ◽  
The Relationship

Vernalization requirement is a key component in determining the overall fitness of developmental patterns of barley to its environment. We have used previously reported markers and spring-sown growth habit nursery to characterize the genotypes of barley germplasm in an applied barley breeding ground to establish a baseline of information required to understand the relationship between adaptation of autumn-sown barley germplasm in diverse regions with warm (W), moderate (M), or cold climates (C). This study revealed that twenty entries were detected with the presence of the vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus and complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1w/V2w). Of these genotypes, 17 entries showed winter growth habit whereas the remaining three revealed facultative growth habit indicating reduced vernalization requirements possibly due to VRN-H3 and photoperiod sensitivity loci as compared to the landmark winter growth habit entries in this group. Twenty-four entries were detected with the lack of vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus but complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype Vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1s/V2w). However, only half of these germplasms were identified with spring growth habit in spring-sown nursery, and the rest of the germplasms in this group revealed facultative growth habits due to possible variation in the length of deletion in VRN-H1. Four germplasms showed vernalization insensitive phenotype due to the lack of a functional ZCCT-Ha and/or ZCCT-Hb alleles in VRN-H2 and the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1. These germplasms revealed acomplete spring type growth habit. Only one entry showed reduced vernalization requirement solely due to the deletion in functional ZCCT-Hb allele in VRN-H2 and not due to the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1.

scholarly journals Natural Variation of Dt2 Promoter Controls Plant Height and Node Number in Semi-Determinant Soybeans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Kou ◽  
Tong Su ◽  
Yanping Wang ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Hao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Transient Transfection ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Transient Transfection Assay ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Glycine Max L

Abstract Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is one of the most important legume crops and its plant height (PH) is one significant quantitative trait closely related to node number (NN) and internode length (IL) on the main stem, which affect yield together. In this study, we used a recombinant inbred line (RIL) derived from a cross between two semi-determinate stem soybean varieties (Dt1Dt1Dt2Dt2), JKK378 and HXW. A consistent QTL named qPH18 simultaneously controlling PH, NN, and IL was identified, in which this region harbors the semi-determinant gene, Dt2. Sequencing of the promoter of Dt2 from JKK378, identified three polymorphisms relative to HXW, including two SNPs and a 18bp Indel. The expression level of Dt2 in qPH18JKK378 group was lower than that in qPH18HXW group, meanwhile, as a downstream gene, the expression of Dt1 from two groups showed a contrary tendency. Transient transfection assay confirmed that the promoter activity of Dt2 from JKK378 is lower compared to HXW. We speculate that the polymorphisms in the two dominant Dt2 promoter caused difference in expression level of Dt2 and its downstream gene Dt1, hence, affect PH, NN, IL, and grain weight per plant without changing stem growth habit. Compared to PH18HXW allele, qPH18JKK378 allele suppresses the expression of Dt2 gene which releases the expression of Dt1, thus promotes plant node number and enhanced grain yield. These results will be helpful for revealing the mechanism underlying the node number and plant height, the soybean materials and molecular marker will facilitate molecule breeding.

Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. II. The mode of inheritance of spring versus winter growth habit

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kuspira ◽  
J. Maclagan ◽  
K. Kerby ◽  
R. N. Bhambhani
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Multiple Allelic Series ◽  
Winter Growth Habit ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

The study on the mode of inheritance of spring versus winter growth habit in Triticum monococcum is the first in a diploid wheat species. The results are discussed in light of the information available on the genetics and cytogenetics of this character in Triticum aestivum. Two spring habit and six winter habit lines were used in these investigations. Statistical analyses of progenies in each of these lines clearly established the true-breeding nature of all eight lines with respect to days to heading. Analysis of F1 and F2 results of crosses between the two spring habit lines 68 and 293 showed the following: (i) neither line carries winter habit alleles at any of the major gene loci determining growth habit; and (ii) four of five minor allele pairs determine the phenotypic differences between them. Monohybrid F2 and testcross ratios in crosses between spring habit line 68 and each of the six winter lines lead to the following conclusions: (i) differences between spring and winter growth habit in each cross are due to alleles of one major gene; (ii) the allele for spring habit is completely dominant to that for winter habit in each cross; and (iii) all these lines are genotypically identical or very similar at all modifying gene loci. These results imply that only one major gene determines growth habit in this species. Diallel (critical) crosses among the six recessive lines indicate that complementation does not occur in any of the F1's. Therefore, all these recessive genes represent mutations in the same gene. If these results are characteristic of all winter lines in Triticum monococcum, they permit the initial conclusion that only one major gene determines growth habit in this diploid species. This locus is in all likelihood the VrnI locus since it is the only one of the five major genes identified for growth habit, that is present in the A genome of Triticum aestivum. All six recessive lines respond to natural vernalization. This lends further support to our initial conclusion. Because the six recessive lines head at five different times we conclude that a multiple allelic series occurs at this locus. Specifically, at least three and probably five recessive alleles responsible for different heading dates among the winter lines, and at least one dominant allele for spring habit, occur at this locus.Key words: Triticum, complementation, quantitative, vernalization, alleles, multiple.

GENETIC ANALYSES OF CERTAIN CHARACTERS IN COMMON WHEAT USING WHOLE CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION LINES

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kuspira ◽  
John Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Winter Growth Habit

Three sets of substitution lines of the spring wheat variety Chinese with chromosomes from the donor varieties Thatcher, Hope and Timstein were used to study the genetics of awning, earliness, lodging, plant height, spike density, 1000-kernel weight and yield. The various substitution lines, each representing a genotype that differs from that of the recipient variety only with respect to the genes carried by the substituted chromosome, were studied in replicated field trials so that environmental effects on the character in question could be easily removed by appropriate analysis. This permitted a comparison of the genetic effects of individual chromosomes against the standard based on the performance of a population of like genotypes.Genes conditioning awning were associated with seven chromosomes. Studies of earliness indicated that time of heading is conditioned by (a) major genes that differentiate spring and winter growth habit, and (b) genes that modify the expression of growth habit genes to a greater or lesser extent. Differences in spike density among the lines were due to minor genes only; the same was true for plant height. Lodging, protein content, 1000-kernel weight and yield were found to be conditioned by polymeric or multiple genes on many chromosomes; the effects of these individual genes though small were not usually equal.Where a substituted chromosome brings about a significant departure in character expression from that of the recipient variety, a method is outlined whereby the number of genes on a particular chromosome can be determined. The merits of the substitution method are discussed, and it is concluded that it is valuable, and gives a high degree of precision in genetic studies of polyploid organisms and that under certain conditions its effectiveness is similar to that of the backcross method for incorporating characters controlled by one or two genes into a given line or variety.

scholarly journals Quantitative variation within a species for traits underpinning C4 photosynthesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Reeves ◽  
Pallavi Singh ◽  
Timo A. Rossberg ◽  
E. O. Deedi Sogbohossou ◽  
M. Eric Schranz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Quantitative Variation ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Engineering C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops such as rice or wheat could substantially increase their yield by alleviating photorespiratory losses1,2. This objective is challenging because the C4 pathway involves complex modifications to the biochemistry, cell biology and anatomy of leaves3. Forward genetics has provided limited insight into the mechanistic basis of these characteristics and there have been no reports of significant quantitative intra-specific variation of C4 attributes that would allow trait-mapping4,5. Here we show that accessions of C4Gynandropsis gynandra collected from locations across Africa and Asia exhibit natural variation in key characteristics of C4 photosynthesis. Variable traits include bundle sheath size and vein density, gas exchange parameters and carbon-isotope discrimination associated with the C4 state, but also abundance of transcripts encoding core enzymes of the C4 cycle. Traits relating to water use showed more quantitative variation than those associated with carbon assimilation. We propose variation in these traits likely adapted the hydraulic system for increased water use efficiency rather than improving carbon fixation, indicating that selection pressure may drive C4 diversity in G. gynandra by acting to modify water use rather than photosynthesis. As these accessions can be easily crossed and produce fertile offspring, our findings indicate that natural variation within a C4 species is sufficiently large to allow genetic-mapping of key anatomical C4 traits and regulators.

scholarly journals The identity and probable origin of the Hemidactylus geckos of the Maldives

2019 ◽  
pp. 230-236
Author(s):  
Ishan Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Complete Knowledge ◽  
Reef Islands ◽  
Probable Origin

The Maldives are coral reef islands of Holocene origin with no endemic terrestrial herpetofauna. The few species that have been reported from the region have affinities with Sri Lanka, south and south-east Asia, and are considered relatively recent introductions by humans. Recent collections of Hemidactylus geckos from the Maldives allowed us to identify and reconstruct the probable origin of this genus on the islands. We combine mitochondrial DNA (ND2) sequence data for the new collections with published sequences to reconstruct evolutionary relationships. The two species of Hemidactylus in the Maldives are H. frenatus and H. parvimaculatus, with affinities to south-east Asia and Sri Lanka, respectively. Suggestive of multiple introductions, each species included multiple haplotypes, only one of which was previously recorded (in Sri Lanka); other haplotypes showed similarities to records from south-east Asia. Unravelling the colonisation patterns of house geckos in the Maldives requires a more complete knowledge of the natural variation across the range of the widely distributed source species.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Study inArabidopsis thalianaof Natural Variation in Seed Oil Melting Point: A Widespread Adaptive Trait in Plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra E. Branham ◽  
Sara J. Wright ◽  
Aaron Reba ◽  
Ginnie D. Morrison ◽  
C. Randal Linder
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Adaptive Trait ◽  
Genome Wide
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