scholarly journals Natural Gas Hydrate Prediction and Prevention Methods of City Gate Stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lili Zuo ◽  
Sirui Zhao ◽  
Yaxin Ma ◽  
Fangmei Jiang ◽  
Yue Zu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
And Control

During the process of distributing natural gas to urban users through city gate stations, hydrate is easy to form due to the existence of throttling effect which causes safety risks. To handle this problem, a program to quickly calculate hydrate prediction and prevention methods for city gate stations is developed. The hydrate formation temperature is calculated through the Chen–Guo model, and the Peng–Robinson equation of state combined with the balance criterion is used to analyze the water condensation in the throttling process. The Wilson activity coefficient model is used to calculate the mass fraction in the liquid phase of thermodynamic inhibitors for preventing hydrates. Considering the volatility of inhibitors, the principle of isothermal flash has been utilized to calculate the total injection volume of the inhibitor. Moreover, the effects of commonly used methanol and ethylene glycol inhibitors are discussed. In terms of safety and sustainability, the ethanol inhibitor, which is considered for the first time, exhibited better prevention and control effects under conditions with relatively high temperature and low pressure after throttling. Combined with the actual working conditions of a gate station, methanol has the best inhibitory effect, followed by ethylene glycol. From an economic point of view, the benefits of the gas phase of the inhibitor during the delivery of natural gas are obvious; therefore, the method of methanol injection is recommended for hydrate prevention. If the gas phase benefits of the inhibitor are not considered, the ethylene glycol injection method becomes more economical.

scholarly journals Comparison between Concentrated Solar Power and Gas-Based Generation in Terms of Economic and Flexibility-Related Aspects in Chile

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063
Author(s):  
Catalina Hernández Moris ◽  
Maria Teresa Cerda Guevara ◽  
Alois Salmon ◽  
Alvaro Lorca
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Concentrated Solar Power ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Cost Of Energy

The energy sector in Chile demands a significant increase in renewable energy sources in the near future, and concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies are becoming increasingly competitive as compared to natural gas plants. Motivated by this, this paper presents a comparison between solar technologies such as hybrid plants and natural gas-based thermal technologies, as both technologies share several characteristics that are comparable and beneficial for the power grid. This comparison is made from an economic point of view using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) metric and in terms of the systemic benefits related to flexibility, which is very much required due to the current decarbonization scenario of Chile’s energy matrix. The results show that the LCOE of the four hybrid plant models studied is lower than the LCOE of the gas plant. A solar hybrid plant configuration composed of a photovoltaic and solar tower plant (STP) with 13 h of storage and without generation restrictions has an LCOE 53 USD/MWh, while the natural gas technology evaluated with an 85% plant factor and a variable fuel cost of 2.0 USD/MMBtu has an LCOE of 86 USD/MWh. Thus, solar hybrid plants under a particular set of conditions are shown to be more cost-effective than their closest competitor for the Chilean grid while still providing significant dispatchability and flexibility.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF INCOME AND EXPENSES OF PRIVATE CONTRACTORS AS SUBJECTS OF INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Tetyana Fomina
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control ◽  
Private Contractor

Introduction. The need to set up a private enforcement institute arose from the problem of enforcement of court decisions. The activities of state executors are clearly regulated, have experience and achievements. A private contractor is authorized by the state to carry out enforcement activities, but from an economic point of view, he is a self-employed person, which means that he is financially interested in the results of his work. The economic aspect of private contractor activity is not well understood to date. Methods. The study is based on the use of the historical and comparative method in determining the prerequisites for establishing an institute of private performers in Ukraine and in the world. A generalization method was used to determine general properties in the taxation of private contractors. The efficiency of the work and the feasibility of introducing a “private” element in the enforcement of court decisions was proved by the method of analysis. The method of grouping was used to determine the taxation base for the performance of private contractors. Results. The organizational and legal aspects of the activity of private contractors have been determined. The economic advantages and disadvantages of introducing the Institute of Private Performers are presented. The procedure for recognition of income and formation of costs of private contractors is outlined. It is proved inadmissible to identify the concepts of “costs of enforcement proceedings” and “costs of private executors”. The necessity of accounting and control of results of activity of private contractors is substantiated. Discussion. Prospects for further researches will be to develop recommendations for accounting for deposit accounts; accounts intended to be credited to enforcement proceedings; accounts intended to account for the principal and additional remuneration of private contractors; payroll calculations; payments with budget for taxes, fees, other required payments private artist revenue and expenses, etc. Keywords: enforcement proceedings, self-employed entities, private contractor, remuneration of private contractor, costs of enforcement proceedings, costs of private contractor, income of private contractor.

scholarly journals NGL Recovery Enhancement for GUPCO Trans Gulf Gas Plant by using New Applicable Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3723-3731
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Great Decrease ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Plant Behavior ◽  
Aspen Hysys ◽  
Plant Equipment

It is known that the price of natural gas liquids (NGL) is higher than that of natural gas from which it is derived, so more modifications needed for existing plants to derive more NGL is economically accepted point of view. The main objective of the present work is to present the method applied on Trans gulf (T/G) gas plant to overcome its performance decrease happened after the plant feed gases becoming leaner than its design margin and hence it led to a great decrease in the plant NGL recovery. This achieved by introducing a new simple modification to the existing process scheme obtained by using a condensate stream to enrich the reflux of the de-ethanizer tower so more recovery is obtained. In order to accomplish that goal, some changes in the existing process operating conditions were needed. A simulation is used in this study to examine the existing and the introduced modification utilizing ASPEN-HYSYS software version 8.4 using Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS). The simulation of the existing plant results in a better understanding of the plant behavior in the different iterations to reach the maximum benefits. The plant after suffering from low butane recovery from its feed gas and which considered as a figure to the plant efficiency, it increased by this method from 38 % to reach 86-90 % butane recovery and its LPG production increased by 170% to be ≈ 122 tonne/day instead of ≈ 44 tonne/day while only losing ≈ 16 tonne/day of condensate production. An optimization to the new method is done in this paper so that it doesn't intercept with the existing plant equipment performance for the process safety triggers. Also, the last section of the study describes the economic point of view and the return on investment (ROI) how it was paid back only in 7 days. This modification can be taken as a guideline for both new and existing LPG plants which use only propane refrigeration systems for LPG recovery to increase their profits with the lowest cost possible.

scholarly journals Defining of criteria for flue gas decarbonization efficiency in methanation reactors with membrane technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Lăzăroiu ◽  
Lucian Mihăescu ◽  
Dana-Alexandra Ciupăgeanu ◽  
Rodica-Manuela Grigoriu ◽  
Dana-Andreya Bondrea
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Practical Applications

The paper presents an investigation on the conditions for implementing a methanation membrane decarbonator coupled to an energy installation that generates flue gases. The retention of the carbon dioxide content in the flue gases and its conversion to methane is envisaged. For start, low thermal power installations, employing natural gas as main fuel supply, are considered. Internal combustion engines (also working with natural gas fuel) are taken into account for the testing of the carbon dioxide retention process. For this, a classification of the flue gas composition by fuel categories is initially carried out. The decarbonation efficiency is defined and clarifications are made withal regarding the connection between the decarbonation installation and the energy plant. The first practical achievements are also presented, resulting from a decarbonator with a volume of 940 cm3 (having the inner diameter of 12 cm and a height of 50 cm). The results prove that the proposed solution has great potential for practical applications, further research being however necessary. In terms of operating costs (including hydrogen consumption), it is remarked that they can be reduced by exploiting the methane production and eliminating the carbon tax, extending the integration perspective form economic point of view.

scholarly journals Study on Geospatial Distribution of the Efficiency and Sustainability of Different Energy-Driven Heat Pumps Included in Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093
Author(s):  
Ignacio Martín Nieto ◽  
David Borge-Diez ◽  
Cristina Sáez Blázquez ◽  
Arturo Farfán Martín ◽  
Diego González-Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Economic Point

This research work aims at a multinational study in Europe of the emissions and energy costs generated by the operation of low enthalpy geothermal systems, with heat pumps fed by different energy sources. From an economic point of view, natural gas and biogas prices are, usually, lower than electricity ones. So it may be advantageous to use these energy sources to feed the heat pumps instead of electricity. From the environmental point of view, it is intended to highlight the fact that under certain conditions of electricity production (electricity mix), more CO2 emissions are produced by electricity consumption than using other a priori less “clean” energy sources such as natural gas. To establish the countries where each of the different heat pumps may be more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, data from multi-source geospatial databases have been collected and analyzed. The results show that in the majority of cases, the electric heat pump is the most recommendable solution. However, there are some geographic locations (such as Poland and Estonia), where the gas engine heat pump may be a better alternative.

The Poor Law Report Reexamined

1964 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Blaug
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Poor Laws ◽  
Unemployment Compensation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Family Allowances

In an earlier article, I pleaded for a reappraisal of the Old Poor Law. Despite what all the books say, the evidence that we have does not suggest that the English Poor Law as it operated before its amendment in 1834 reduced the efficiency of agricultural workers, promoted population growth, lowered wages, depressed rents, destroyed yeomanry, and compounded the burden on ratepayers. Beyond this purely negative argument, I tried to show that the Old Poor Law was essentially a device for dealing with the problems of structural unemployment and substandard wages in the lagging rural sector of a rapidly growing but still underdeveloped economy. It constituted, so to speak, “a welfare state in miniature,” combining elements of wage-escalation, family allowances, unemployment compensation, and public works, all of which were administered and financed on a local level. Far from having an inhibitory effect, it probably contributed to economic expansion. At any rate, from the economic point of view, things were much the same after 1834 as before. The Poor Laws Amendment Act of 1834 marked a revolution in British social administration, but it left the structure of relief policy substantially unchanged.

Energy, Environment, and Economical Advantages of Solar Thermal Cracking of Natural Gas

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesrin Ozalp
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
World Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Gas Combustion ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Energy Environment

Among all fossil fuels, natural gas is probably the most attractive one because of its higher heating value, and approximately 97% methane content, which creates less hazardous emissions during power generation. Considering these important facts and the demand for natural gas in the world market, it would be unlikely to think of converting natural gas. However, if we want to utilize our planet’s limited natural gas resources better, then we need to explore alternative ways. A way to achieve that goal is direct cracking of natural gas via solar thermal processing. This paper describes advantages of solar cracking of natural gas from energy, environment and economic point of view. Results show that products of natural gas decomposition contain 8% more energy per mole compared to natural gas itself, while the decomposition process does not emit any hazardous emissions to the environment. As for the economics, once the decomposition products of natural gas, namely hydrogen and carbon black, are sold separately, it is possible to make up to three times more revenue than the selling of natural gas. The products of natural gas decomposition have a very wide use in chemical and petroleum industries. For example, hydrogen is a crucial commodity to refine crude oil, while carbon black is the fundamental component in car tire, battery, conveyer belt, and printer ink manufacturing industries. Currently, petroleum industry produces hydrogen via steam reforming of methane and the chemical industry produces carbon black from coal or natural gas combustion in furnace, which are both highly toxic and global warming emissive processes. With solar cracking of natural gas, these two important commodities can be produced without any emissions to the environment.

scholarly journals Conceptual Provisions on the Directions of Cost Optimization of Energy Industry Enterprises

2021 ◽  
pp. 253-261
Author(s):  
R. Reznikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Full Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Financial Balance

Conceptual provisions on the directions of cost optimization of energy industry enterprises on the basis of system, information and project approaches are proposed, which provide for the implementation of procedures for diagnosis and optimization of suboptimal costs and control of the implementation of relevant projects. Diagnosis of suboptimal costs of energy companies is proposed to be carried out using a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of suboptimal costs based on a combination of information-logical, descriptive-analytical and economic-mathematical models of enterprise analysis, as well as full analysis (vertical and horizontal) of financial statements including P&L, analysis of Cash Flow and financial balance of the enterprise. Applying the appropriate approach allows you to identify the costs that the company can optimize without affecting the quality of electricity and without violating other aspects of the company, which frees up the company to upgrade equipment, additional logistics, reduce electricity costs and implement other projects in within the portfolio. To optimize the costs of energy companies, an appropriate project-oriented approach is proposed, which is based on the use of the method of forming a portfolio of optimization projects using a combination of WSJF model and 6 sigma matrix. The uniqueness of the approach lies in the synergy of the proposed tools and methods and their implementation for energy companies. The proposed approach allows to form a portfolio of interconnected projects, which allows to achieve better financial results through synergies between projects and saves energy companies through more efficient use of its financial resources. Implementation of conceptual provisions on the areas of cost optimization of energy companies allows to reduce the cost of electricity, losses of enterprises and increase their profitability by reinvesting savings in cost optimization projects. Optimization is achieved by diagnosing those costs that can be reduced without affecting quality and in which it makes sense to invest from an economic point of view.

Offshore Natural Gas Conditioning and Recovery of Methanol as Hydrate Inhibitor with Supersonic Separators: Increasing Energy Efficiency with Lower CO2 Emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 965 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Alexandre Mendonça Teixeira ◽  
Lara de Oliveira Arinelli ◽  
José Luiz de Medeiros ◽  
Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Commercial Value

The oil and gas industry represents an important contributor to CO2 emissions as offshore platforms are power intensive for producing, processing and transporting hydrocarbons. In offshore rigs CO2 emissions mainly come from on-site gas-fired power generation for heat and electricity production. The accumulation of atmospheric CO2 is one of the main causes of the planetary greenhouse effect, thus CO2 emissions should be minimized. To achieve that, more energy efficient processes for natural gas (NG) conditioning are needed in order to minimize platform power consumption and thus lowering the associated generation of CO2. In addition, in offshore scenarios gas-hydrate obstructions are a major concern in flow assurance strategies, since thermodynamic conditions favoring hydrate formation are present, such as high pressure, low external temperature and gas contact with free water. To avoid hydrate issues, hydrate inhibition is carried out by the injection of a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor (THI) in well-heads such that it flows along with production fluids, thus removing the thermodynamic conditions for hydrate formation and ensuring unimpeded flow. Therefore, the three-phase high-pressure separator (HPS) is fed with production fluids, where the HPS splits the feed into: (i) an upper gas phase, (ii) hydrocarbon condensate, and (iii) a bottom aqueous phase. The gas phase goes to NG conditioning for hydrocarbon dew point adjustment (HCDPA) and water dew point adjustment (WDPA) so as to make NG exportable. The hydrocarbon condensate (if present) is collected for stabilization and the bottom aqueous phase consisting of water, salts and THI is sent to a THI recovery unit (THI-RU) for THI re-concentration and reinjection. In conventional plants, WDPA and HCDPA are done by glycol absorption and Joule-Thomson expansion respectively. Moreover, the HPS gas carries some THI such as methanol that is lost in the processing. This work analyses a new process – SS-THI-Recovery – where HPS gas feeds a supersonic separator (SS) with injected water and compares it to the conventional processing. As a result, SS ejects a cold two-phase condensate with almost all water, THI and C3+ hydrocarbons, discharging exportable NG with enough HCDPA and WDPA grades, while the condensate gives aqueous THI returned to the THI-RU and LPG with high commercial value. Thus, SS-THI-Recovery not only avoids THI losses as well as exports NG and LPG. Both conventional gas plant and SS-THI-Recovery alternative coupled to THI-RU were simulated in HYSYS 8.8 for a given NG field and targeting the same product specifications. SS-THI-Recovery presented lower power consumption and thus less associated CO2 emissions, while potentially increasing the gas plant profitability, as THI losses are significantly reduced and higher flow rate of LPG with higher commercial value is produced in comparison with the conventional alternative. Hence, the higher efficiency of SS-THI-recovery makes it not only more environmentally friendly with lower CO2 emissions, but also a potential alternative for improving process economics and thus providing an economic leverage that could justify investments in carbon capture technologies, contributing to avoid CO2 emissions even more with cleaner NG and LPG production.

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