The Social Nature of Private Speech of Preschoolers During Problem Solving

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul P. Goudena
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Private Speech ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Performance Results

Extending Vygotsky's theory, young children's private speech during problem solving is conceptualised as having a dual nature; as a reaction to the task and as, at the same time, an indirect appeal to a potentially helpful person. The interactional function of private speech is elaborated within a developmental pragmatic frame of explanation. Based on the dual nature conceptualisation of private speech, the hypothesis was tested that children would produce more private speech during problem solving following interaction with a collaborative adult than following interaction with a non-collaborative adult, the adult being non-actively present during the child's execution of the cognitive task. Twenty-two children (ages: 4 years 2 months to 4 years 10 months) participated in the experiment. Support was found for the main hypothesis. No reliable relationship was found between the amount of private speech produced and the quality of task performance. Results are discussed in relation to other studies of private speech, two of which are re-interpreted in accordance with a dual nature conceptualisation of private speech. The role of private speech in the regulation of non-verbal task performance is critically analysed. It is emphasised that private speech should be studied while taking into account the interactional framework in which the child has been functioning.

scholarly journals Expectancy of Stress-Reducing Aromatherapy Effect and Performance on a Stress-Sensitive Cognitive Task

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Chamine ◽  
Barry S. Oken
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
N200 Amplitude ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
And Performance

Objective. Stress-reducing therapies help maintain cognitive performance during stress. Aromatherapy is popular for stress reduction, but its effectiveness and mechanism are unclear. This study examined stress-reducing effects of aromatherapy on cognitive function using the go/no-go (GNG) task performance and event related potentials (ERP) components sensitive to stress. The study also assessed the importance of expectancy in aromatherapy actions.Methods. 81 adults were randomized to 3 aroma groups (active experimental, detectable, and undetectable placebo) and 2 prime subgroups (prime suggesting stress-reducing aroma effects or no-prime). GNG performance, ERPs, subjective expected aroma effects, and stress ratings were assessed at baseline and poststress.Results. No specific aroma effects on stress or cognition were observed. However, regardless of experienced aroma, people receiving a prime displayed faster poststress median reaction times than those receiving no prime. A significant interaction for N200 amplitude indicated divergent ERP patterns between baseline and poststress for go and no-go stimuli depending on the prime subgroup. Furthermore, trends for beneficial prime effects were shown on poststress no-go N200/P300 latencies and N200 amplitude.Conclusion. While there were no aroma-specific effects on stress or cognition, these results highlight the role of expectancy for poststress response inhibition and attention.

scholarly journals Historical stages in the formation of the scientific knowledge system in a theoretical and methodological context

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Leonid Griffen ◽  
Nadiia Ryzheva ◽  
Dmytro Nefodov ◽  
Lyudmila Hryashchevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Result ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
Object Of Study

Current tendencies question the role of science in modern society, force returning to the processes of formation of the scientific paradigm. The latter was complex and nonlinear, and the formation of scientific principles of cognition was their natural result. Throughout human history, the knowledge about the objective world has been acquired and used in various, historically necessary forms – both in the methodology of cognition and in the method of systematisation, which was determined by the level of their accumulation. The accumulation of knowledge took place in different ways: in the process of direct practical activity, on the basis of supposedly “foreign” contemplation and as a result of conscious influence on an object of study (experiment) with their different “specific weight” at different historical stages. As for the systematisation, the need for which was determined by systemic nature of an object of knowledge and the social nature of knowledge, throughout the history of mankind its forms differed considerably, but, in the end, were reduced to three main ones. 

The Contemporary Reception of St Thomas on Law and Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 611-625
Author(s):  
Michael Pakaluk
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Political Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Right

The reception of Thomistic political and legal philosophy is considered with respect to what is called ‘political liberalism’. The appeal to a hypothetical state of nature should be rejected, as it misconstrues the social nature of human beings. Aquinas’ account of the origin of political society starts from an interpretation of human nature. On this basis one can account for human rights, the importance of the right to religious liberty, the family as the basic cell of society, civil society as including subsidiary authorities, the importance of private property, and the nature and role of freedom. A key question for the continued flourishing of a free society is what practically enables persons to govern for the genuine good of others.

John Dewey’s Debt to William James

2018 ◽  
pp. 614-628
Author(s):  
James Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
William James ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pragmatic Account ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the relationship of William James (1842–1910) and John Dewey (1859–1952). In particular, it attempts to tease out the ways in which Dewey’s thought drew upon ideas presented earlier by James. Among the Jamesian themes that appear in Dewey’s work are Dewey’s melioristic, pragmatic account of social practice; his emphasis upon the importance of habits in organized human life; his presentation of the role of philosophy as a means of improving daily life; his recognition of the social nature of the self; and his call for a rejection of religious traditions and institutions in favor of an emphasis upon religious experience. Clarifying Dewey’s relationship with James should in no way lessen the value of Dewey’s thought. Rather, it makes clearer the continuities that existed between these two pragmatic thinkers.

Mutual aid for the arts in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Milan: The ‘Pio Istituto Teatrale’

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-624
Author(s):  
Mariarita Pierotti ◽  
Alessandro Capocchi ◽  
Paola Orlandini
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Theatre Arts ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

In the nineteenth century, when the theatre arts were at their peak, Milan was considered the intellectual and artistic capital of Italy. This article explores the objectives and the functioning of an important mutual aid company based in Milan – the Pio Istituto Teatrale – through its accounting system. These accounting documents clearly convey the dual nature of this organization, which was dedicated to protecting both social welfare and the arts. This study confirms the social role of accounting and its implications. In recent years, the attention paid to accounting in artistic institutions has been increasing. However, while many studies have explored Italian mutual aid societies in general, few have considered those in the artistic field specifically. This article attempts to rectify this oversight by examining a mutual aid society functioning in the world of theatre via its accounting records.

Contexts, functions, forms, and processes of collaborative everyday problem solving in older adulthood

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Meegan ◽  
Cynthia A. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Sociocultural Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Everyday Problem Solving ◽  
Everyday Problem

The present paper reviews the extant literature on collaborative everyday problem solving in older adulthood and explicates the contexts, functions, forms, and processes of collaboration in daily life. In this review, we examine collaboration as it occurs in the daily lives of older adults in addition to the specified intelligence-like tasks more typical of the current literature. Drawing from multiple literatures that have examined collaboration, including sociocultural perspectives within child development, life-span cognition, educational psychology, and social psychology, we illuminate the changing contexts of collaboration across the life span and examine the role of potential collaborators, the multiplicity of forms and functions of collaboration, and the social processes that may facilitate or hinder collaborative performance.

scholarly journals Ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity in the production of a blanket bog

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1537-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Cuckston
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Productive Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Blanket Bog ◽  
Scale Network ◽  
Human Actors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity in efforts to conserve biodiversity. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines a case study of biodiversity conservation efforts to restore a degraded blanket bog habitat. The analysis adopts a social nature perspective, which sees the social and the natural as inseparably intertwined in socio-ecological systems: complexes of relations between (human and non-human) actors, being perpetually produced by fluid interactions. Using a theoretical framework from the geography literature, consisting of four mutually constitutive dimensions of relations – territory, scale, network, and place (TSNP) – the analysis examines various forms of accounting for biodiversity that are centred on this blanket bog. Findings The analysis finds that various forms of ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity have rendered this blanket bog visible and comprehensible in multiple ways, so as to contribute towards making this biodiversity conservation thinkable and possible. Originality/value This paper brings theorising from geography, concerning the social nature perspective and the TSNP framework, into the study of accounting for biodiversity. This has enabled a novel analysis that reveals the productive force of ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity, and the role of such accounting in organising the world so as to produce socio-ecological systems that aid biodiversity conservation.

scholarly journals PENGHALANG SOSIAL DAN PSIKOLOGIS PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI DENGAN PRINSIP BANGUNAN HIJAU

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Wibowo Caesariadi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Psychological Factor ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Social

Proyek konstruksi bangunan merupakan kegiatan yang menentukan penerapan prinsip bangunan hijau. Gerakan bangunan hijau yang telah berlangsung cukup lama telah cukup berhasil secara teknologi dan ekonomis, namun halangan dapat datang dari manusia yang terlibat (stakeholders) pada proyek tersebut. Penghalang ini berangkat dari faktor sosial dan psikologis manusia, yang seringkali tidak disadari. Kajian tentang penghalang tersebut dilihat dari tingkat individu, organisasi dan kelembagaan. Pemecahan masalah dilakukan dengan melihat penghalang sebagai kesempatan atau sebagai masalah yang harus dipecahkan. Faktor edukasi memegang peranan penting dalam mengubah faktor sosial dan psikologis yang menghalangi tersebut. Termasuk pula peranan penting pemerintah sebagai pengatur Process of construction project is an activity which determines the application of the principles of green building. Green building movement has been going on for quite a while and has been significantly successful both technologically and economically. However, obstructions may come from humans involved (stakeholders) in the project. These obstructions originated from the social and psychological factors, which are often unrecognized.  This study on the obstructions covered  from the level of individuals, organizations and institutions. Problem solving is done by looking at the obstructions as the opportunity or as a problem to be solved. Education holds significant role in changing social and psychological factor, this includes the role of government as the regulator

Social Machines

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Kieron O’Hara
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Machines ◽  
Sociotechnical Networks

People use familiar networked technologies for coordinating social activities, from games to problem-solving. Such sociotechnical networks have been called social machines, and can be found in healthcare and well-being, crime prevention, transport, citizen science, and in particular during emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of platform(s) as host(s) is key as to how, and how privately, the social machine operates. Social machines can be monetized on the DC Commercial Internet, and monitored on the Beijing Paternal Internet. One means of democratizing the platform is the project to re-decentralize the Internet and Web, to break down the walls of walled gardens and restore decentralization. One such idea, Solid, is described in detail, where people take charge of their personal data, storing it as linked data to increase its utility, but keeping it in personal online datastores (pods) under their control.

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