Cockpit Cursor Control: Effects of Task Loading and Controller Location

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 642-646
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Tufano ◽  
J. Thomas Gwynne
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Cursor Control ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Task Loading ◽  
Time Critical ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Task

Current trends in tactical aircraft missions and avionics require two-dimensional control of a display cursor by the pilot. This study varied cursor controller location (left hand: throttle; right hand: stick grip) and task loading (concurrent flight control) in a 2 × 2 within-subjects design. Nine test pilots, seated in a laboratory cockpit mockup, used an isometric rate controller to acquire targets on a head-up display with a cursor. This task was performed either alone or concurrently with compensatory pitch/roll tracking. There were no main effects for hand used (controller location) on any performance measures, nor did this factor interact with any other. As such, there is no evidence of design constraints on cursor controller location. Task loading increased time to initiate cursor control trials by 0.5 sec (p<0.01) and target acquisition time by 2.2 sec (p< 0.01). Diagonally located targets took 0.92 sec longer to acquire than targets on the vertical or horizontal axes (p<0.05), and were more susceptible to task loading interference (p<0.05). The “diagonal problem” and task loading decrements appear to be central effects and may not be amenable to equipment design solutions. These perceptual-motor limitations will constrain the allocation of mission functions to the display cursor, which are time-critical and must be performed during air combat maneuvers.

Searching Short-Term Memory for Linear-Positioning Movements

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgann Lucariello ◽  
Tonya Toole ◽  
James Cauraugh
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Search Processes ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Main Effects

To determine whether memory search for movements was serial or parallel, the search processes involved in a short-term motor-memory paradigm were investigated. A linear-positioning task was used to present a series of 1, 2, or 3 movements in a memory set. Upon completion of a memory set, subjects were presented with a search movement. The search movement was either the same length as one of the memory-set movements (“yes” response) or a different length (“no” response). Four subjects completed three consecutive days of testing. On Day 1 RT and movement length were practiced. On Day 2 the subjects were required to search a memory set of movements and respond in the yes condition by lifting the index finger of the left hand. This movement terminated a RT search clock. The same procedures were followed on Day 3, except that a no response was indicated by lifting the index finger. A 2 × 3 × 3 (response × memory set × RT trials) within-subjects analysis yielded nonsignificant main effects and interactions. The results were discussed in relation to verbal memory.

scholarly journals Digit Variability in Carotenoid Scores Obtained with the Veggie Meter: A Pilot Study (P02-001-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Velarie Ansu ◽  
Stephanie Dickinson ◽  
Alyce Fly
Keyword(s):  
Indiana University ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Period Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract Objectives To determine which digit and hand have the highest and lowest skin carotenoid scores, to compare inter-and-intra-hand variability of digits, and to determine if results are consistent with another subject. Methods Two subjects’ first(F1), second(F2), third(F3) and fifth(F5) digits on both hands were measured for skin carotenoids with a Veggie Meter, for 3 times on each of 18 days over a 37-day period. Data were subjected to ANOVA in a factorial treatment design to determine main effects for hand (2 levels), digits (4), and days (18) along with interactions. Differences between digits were determined by Tukey's post hoc test. Results There were significant hand x digit, hand x day, digit x day, and hand x digit x day interactions and significant simple main effects for hand, digit, and day (all P < 0.001). Mean square errors were 143.67 and 195.62 for subject A and B, respectively, which were smaller than mean squares for all main effects and interactions. The mean scores ± SD for F1, F2, F3, and F5 digits for the right vs left hands for subject A were F1:357.13 ± 45.97 vs 363.74 ± 46.94, F2:403.17 ± 44.77 vs. 353.20 ± 44.13, F3:406.76 ± 43.10 vs. 357.11 ± 45.13, and F5:374.95 ± 53.00 vs. 377.90 ± 47.38. For subject B, the mean scores ± SD for digits for the right vs left hands were F1:294.72 ± 61.63 vs 280.71 ± 52.48, F2:285.85 ± 66.92 vs 252.67 ± 67.56, F3:268.56 ± 57.03 vs 283.22 ± 45.87, and F5:288.18 ± 34.46 vs 307.54 ± 40.04. The digits on the right hand of both subjects had higher carotenoid scores than those on the left hands, even though subjects had different dominant hands. Subject A had higher skin carotenoid scores on the F3 and F2 digits for the right hand and F5 on the left hand. Subject B had higher skin carotenoid scores on F5 (right) and F1 (left) digits. Conclusions The variability due to hand, digit, and day were all greater than that of the 3 replicates within the digit-day for both volunteers. This indicates that data were not completely random across the readings when remeasuring the same finger. Different fingers displayed higher carotenoid scores for each volunteer. There is a need to conduct a larger study with more subjects and a range of skin tones to determine whether the reliability of measurements among digits of both hands is similar across the population. Funding Sources Indiana University.

Current Task Activation Predicts General Effects of Advance Preparation in Task Switching

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edita Poljac ◽  
Ab de Haan ◽  
Gerard P. van Galen
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Shape Matching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
And Task

Two experiments investigated the way that beforehand preparation influences general task execution in reaction-time matching tasks. Response times (RTs) and error rates were measured for switching and nonswitching conditions in a color- and shape-matching task. The task blocks could repeat (task repetition) or alternate (task switch), and the preparation interval (PI) was manipulated within-subjects (Experiment 1) and between-subjects (Experiment 2). The study illustrated a comparable general task performance after a long PI for both experiments, within and between PI manipulations. After a short PI, however, the general task performance increased significantly for the between-subjects manipulation of the PI. Furthermore, both experiments demonstrated an analogous preparation effect for both task switching and task repetitions. Next, a consistent switch cost throughout the whole run of trials and a within-run slowing effect were observed in both experiments. Altogether, the present study implies that the effects of the advance preparation go beyond the first trials and confirms different points of the activation approach ( Altmann, 2002) to task switching.

scholarly journals The Effect of Word-word Space Reading and Resolutions on Ambiguities of Chinese Segmentation by Advanced L2 Learners of Chinese

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Chen ◽  
Lei Gu ◽  
Hongshan Zuo ◽  
Qiaoyan Bai ◽  
Yanfei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Chinese Text ◽  
Word Boundary ◽  
Reaction Time Experiment ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Text Presentation ◽  
Main Effects

<p>That Chinese text does not have a word boundary pose a question of whether L2 learners of Chinese are affected by the text at a word boundary. The present study consisted of two related experiments, i.e., one reaction time experiment and one pencil-paper experiment on the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation. The reaction time experiment was conducted by 2×2×2 within-subjects ANOVA (analysis of variance) with text presentation, length and difficulty of a sentence as the independent variables, and reading reaction time as the dependent variable. The results indicated that there were only significant main effects for word boundaries, length and difficulty of a sentence while the two/three-way interactions were not significant. Meanwhile, the pencil-paper experiment was conducted by single factor within-subjects ANOVA with the possible number of word combination (PNWC) as the independent variable, and the incorrect number of the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation which was made by the subjects as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that there was a significant main effect for PNWC, without significant two-way interaction. Word boundary can help L2 learners of Chinese reading texts and understanding the meaning of texts fast. Apart from theoretic implications, this paper also tried to propose an approach on Chinese segmentation which can be used in Chinese as a foreign language classroom.<b> </b></p>

scholarly journals Current tendencies of migration process development: global features and implications for Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Donor Country ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Eu

The article considers and summarizes the main global features and consequences of migration processes, including Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to establishing current trends in the development of migration processes, namely the global features and consequences for Ukraine. The grouping and generalization methods are used in the article (to represent the main effects of migration processes for donor countries, intermediate countries and recipient countries). The graphic method is applied to reflect the dynamics of changes in the number of emigrants from Ukraine, who were granted the first residence permits in the EU from 2009 to 2018. Methods of concretization and synthesis were used in determining the main consequences of migration processes for Ukraine. As a result of the research, the classification of world countries depending on the directions of migration flows (donor countries, countries of intermediate location and recipient countries) was determined. The list of the largest donor countries, recipient countries in the world with the indication of the number of migrants in these countries was determined. The main consequences of migration processes for world countries were determined, concretized and grouped according to the degree of their influence. The list of countries that are the largest centers of emigration for Ukrainian citizens (Poland, USA, Germany, Canada, Czech Republic) was determined. The main reasons for the increase in the number of emigrants from Ukraine in the periods from 2009 to 2012 and from 2012 to 2018 have been identified. The main consequences of migration processes for Ukraine, as a country-donor of human capital, a country of intermediate location and a recipient country, have been identified and grouped. The predominance of negative consequences of migration processes for Ukraine, as a donor country of human capital, a country of intermediate location, have been determined.

scholarly journals Preference in Girls' Lower Limb Tasks

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Karen P. NONIS ◽  
Dawne LARKIN ◽  
Helen E. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Environmental Demands ◽  
And Task

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The research on laterality indicates that children become increasingly right preferent with age but these relate mainly to data on the upper limbs while lower limb preference is limited. This study investigated the direction of six lower limb preference tasks which included: kicking (stationary and moving ball); pick-up; step-up; balance and hopping. Fifty-one girls in the age group of 3, 4, 5 and 6 years were tested over four sessions at four monthly intervals and classified as right, left or mixed preferent after performing on two successive trials. This study hypothesized that girls would become increasingly right preferent with age and that lower limb preference would differ for each task. Data analysis used a three-way ANOVA repeated measures procedure with Age (4 levels) as the between subjects factor and Session (4 sessions) and Task (6 tasks) as the within subjects factors (N = 51). The ANOVA results showed two task groupings indicating that lower limb preference is task dependent. The authors proposed the interaction of individual differences, changing task and environmental demands influence the expression of lower limb preference.偏向的研究顯示孩童随著年齡的增長會逐漸向右邊偏向，但這些卻主要是針對上肢的研究資料，而對下肢偏向的資料卻有限。本報吿探討六種下肢偏向的動作方向測試，其中包括：踢腿(定點和滾球)、拾起、踩踏、平衡和定點彈跳。五十一位三至六歲的女童參與四次測試，每次測試相隔四個月。在連續兩次嘗試後，將她們分類為向右偏向、向左偏向和綜合偏向。這項研究假設女童隨著年齡的增長，會逐漸有向右邊的偏向，對下肢的偏向會隨著動作的不同而有所改變。報告的資料分析使用了三項ANOVA反復測量規程，以年齡(4個數值)作為物件之間的因素，測試(4次測試)和動作(6個動作)作為物件之內的因素(N = 51)。ANOVA的 結果呈現兩種動作類，顯示對於下肢的偏向是取決於動作的。作者提出看法，認為各個不同孩童的互動、動作和環境的轉換都對下肢偏向起著影響。

scholarly journals The Effect of Word-word Space Reading and Resolutions on Ambiguities of Chinese Segmentation by Advanced L2 Learners of Chinese

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Chen ◽  
Lei Gu ◽  
Hongshan Zuo ◽  
Qiaoyan Bai ◽  
Yanfei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Chinese Text ◽  
Word Boundary ◽  
Reaction Time Experiment ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Text Presentation ◽  
Main Effects

<p>That Chinese text does not have a word boundary pose a question of whether L2 learners of Chinese are affected by the text at a word boundary. The present study consisted of two related experiments, i.e., one reaction time experiment and one pencil-paper experiment on the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation. The reaction time experiment was conducted by 2×2×2 within-subjects ANOVA (analysis of variance) with text presentation, length and difficulty of a sentence as the independent variables, and reading reaction time as the dependent variable. The results indicated that there were only significant main effects for word boundaries, length and difficulty of a sentence while the two/three-way interactions were not significant. Meanwhile, the pencil-paper experiment was conducted by single factor within-subjects ANOVA with the possible number of word combination (PNWC) as the independent variable, and the incorrect number of the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation which was made by the subjects as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that there was a significant main effect for PNWC, without significant two-way interaction. Word boundary can help L2 learners of Chinese reading texts and understanding the meaning of texts fast. Apart from theoretic implications, this paper also tried to propose an approach on Chinese segmentation which can be used in Chinese as a foreign language classroom.<b> </b></p>

Modulation of Executive Control in the Task Switching Paradigm With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilo Strobach ◽  
Daria Antonenko ◽  
Tamara Schindler ◽  
Agnes Flöel ◽  
Torsten Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Task Experience ◽  
And Task

Abstract. Executive processing in the task switching paradigm is primarily associated with activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), demonstrated in numerous functional imaging studies (e.g., Brass & von Cramon, 2002 ). However, there are only very few attempts to modulate neural activation related with executive functions and to investigate the effects of this modulation on the performance in this paradigm. To modulate lPFC activity here, we used the non-invasive transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS; atDCS [1 mA, 20 min] vs. ctDCS [1 mA, 20 min] vs. sham stimulation [1 mA, 30 s]) over the left inferior frontal junction under conditions of single tasks, task repetitions, and task switches in the task switching paradigm. We assessed the performance effects of online tDCS on mixing costs (single tasks vs. task repetitions) as well as on switching costs (task repetitions vs. task switches). In a within-subjects design across three sessions, there was no evidence of stimulation on the magnitude of these cost types. However, when taking a between-subjects perspective in the first session (i.e., after excluding dominant effects of task experience), atDCS showed an increase in mixing costs in contrast to ctDCS and sham. We interpreted this finding in the context of task switching theories on task activation and task inhibition and their neural localizations.

Human Performance of Novice Schedulers for Complex Spaceflight Operations Timelines

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110589
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Marquez ◽  
Tamsyn Edwards ◽  
John A. Karasinski ◽  
Candice N. Lee ◽  
Megan C. Shyr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Scheduling Problems ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Complex Constraints ◽  
Design Scheduling ◽  
Main Effects

Objective Investigate the effects of scheduling task complexity on human performance for novice schedulers creating spaceflight timelines. Background Future astronauts will be expected to self-schedule, yet will not be experts in creating timelines that meet the complex constraints inherent to spaceflight operations. Method Conducted a within-subjects experiment to evaluate scheduling task performance in terms of scheduling efficiency, effectiveness, workload, and situation awareness while manipulating scheduling task complexity according to the number of constraints and type of constraints. Results Each participant ( n = 15) completed a set of scheduling problems. Results showed main effects of the number of constraints and type of constraint on efficiency, effectiveness, and workload. Significant interactions were observed in situation awareness and workload for certain types of constraints. Results also suggest that a lower number of constraints may be manageable by novice schedulers when compared to scheduling activities without constraints. Conclusion Results suggest that novice schedulers' performance decreases with a high number of constraints, and future scheduling aids may need to target a specific type of constraint. Application Knowledge on the effect of scheduling task complexity will help design scheduling systems that will enable self-scheduling for future astronauts. It will also inform other domains that conduct complex scheduling, such as nursing and manufacturing.

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