The Effect of Word-word Space Reading and Resolutions on Ambiguities of Chinese Segmentation by Advanced L2 Learners of Chinese

<p>That Chinese text does not have a word boundary pose a question of whether L2 learners of Chinese are affected by the text at a word boundary. The present study consisted of two related experiments, i.e., one reaction time experiment and one pencil-paper experiment on the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation. The reaction time experiment was conducted by 2×2×2 within-subjects ANOVA (analysis of variance) with text presentation, length and difficulty of a sentence as the independent variables, and reading reaction time as the dependent variable. The results indicated that there were only significant main effects for word boundaries, length and difficulty of a sentence while the two/three-way interactions were not significant. Meanwhile, the pencil-paper experiment was conducted by single factor within-subjects ANOVA with the possible number of word combination (PNWC) as the independent variable, and the incorrect number of the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation which was made by the subjects as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that there was a significant main effect for PNWC, without significant two-way interaction. Word boundary can help L2 learners of Chinese reading texts and understanding the meaning of texts fast. Apart from theoretic implications, this paper also tried to propose an approach on Chinese segmentation which can be used in Chinese as a foreign language classroom.<b> </b></p>

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Evaluating Options for CRT Display of Process Trend Data

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128202600113 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 49-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christopher G. Koch ◽

Thomas R. Edman ◽

R. Kim Guenther

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

Error Rates ◽

Time Orientation ◽

Load Management ◽

Control Room ◽

Control Task ◽

Nuclear Control ◽

Trend Data ◽

Main Effects

Effectiveness of colorgraphics CRT-based process trend display formats was evaluated by manipulating time scale orientation and time directionality. Performance was assessed in terms of reaction time and accuracy in responding to questions representative of process control task scenarios. Reaction time analyses reveal no main effects of time orientation or directionality, but a reliable orientation-directionality interaction effect is present. This interaction supports the conclusion that more rapid interpretation of trend is associated with x-axis time orientation progressing away from the origin and with y-axis time orientation progressing toward the origin. Error rates were nearly equivalent among the format types and supported no further discrimination among them. The findings have implications for the design of trend displays in applications such as nuclear control room, petrochemical processing, and load management.

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ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY EFFECTS IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEXICAL ACQUISITION

Studies in Second Language Acquisition ◽

10.1017/s0272263118000268 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (04) ◽

pp. 721-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Scott A. Crossley ◽

Stephen Skalicky ◽

Kristopher Kyle ◽

Katia Monteiro

Keyword(s):

First Language ◽

English Speaker ◽

Absolute Frequency ◽

Advanced Learners ◽

Frequency Effects ◽

Proficiency Level ◽

Gender And Age ◽

L2 Learners ◽

L2 Production ◽

Main Effects

AbstractA number of longitudinal studies of L2 production have reported frequency effects wherein learners' produce more frequent words as a function of time. The current study investigated the spoken output of English L2 learners over a four-month period of time using both native and non-native English speaker frequency norms for both word types and word tokens. The study also controlled for individual differences such as first language distance, English proficiency, gender, and age. Results demonstrated that lower level L2 learners produced more infrequent tokens at the beginning of the study and that high intermediate learners, when compared to advanced learners, produced more infrequent tokens at the beginning of the study and more frequent tokens toward the end of the study. Main effects were also reported for proficiency level, age, and language distance. These results provide further evidence that L2 production may not follow expected frequency trends (i.e., that more infrequent tokens are produced as a function of time).

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The Effects of Display Format and Data Density on Time Spent Reading Statistics in Text, Tables and Graphs

Journalism Quarterly ◽

10.1177/107769909307000116 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 140-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

James D. Kelly

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processing ◽

Latin Square ◽

Time Variable ◽

Information Recall ◽

Data Density ◽

Data Points ◽

Text Presentation ◽

Processing Effort ◽

Main Effects ◽

Answering Questions

An experiment using a 3 × 3 × 3 Latin square design tested the effects of the number of data points and type of statistical display on time spent answering questions about the information. The design allowed within-subject comparisons of main effects, and the procedure was administered by a Macintosh computer. The results, that tables and graphs are more efficiently processed than text presentation of the same data, partially confirm earlier studies that used information recall as the dependent variable, but suggest the time variable is a more realistic measure of cognitive processing effort.

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Effects of Task Complexity Variables on Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency of Second Language Production: A Critical Review

International Journal of Linguistics ◽

10.5296/ijl.v9i4.11609 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Lilliati Ismail ◽

Arshad Abd. Samad

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Learning Process ◽

Critical Review ◽

Language Production ◽

Task Complexity ◽

Task Design ◽

Complex Tasks ◽

Complexity Level ◽

Language Classroom ◽

L2 Learners

This paper reviews recent research that has manipulated task complexity variables to gauge their effects on L2 learning. This review draws upon Robinson’s Triadic Componential Framework for task design (2001a) which suggests that increases in task complexity levels should be an important consideration when designing and sequencing a task-based language syllabus. Most of the studies discussed support Robinson’s contention that more complex tasks result in greater accuracy and complexity in L2 learners’ language production. This would imply the need to consider task complexity variables in selecting, designing and administering tasks in the second language classroom to achieve optimum effects on the learning process. Teachers would also have to be conscientious in evaluating cognitive loads of tasks to ensure heightened attention to meaning and forms. Also, the potential of using task complexity level as an organising principle for a second-language syllabus needs to be further explored and investigated.

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Agreement and null subjects in German L2 development: new evidence from reaction-time experiments

Second language Research ◽

10.1177/026765839501100103 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 57-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Harald Clahsen ◽

Upyong Hong

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Universal Grammar ◽

Control Group ◽

Null Subjects ◽

Verb Agreement ◽

L2 Learners ◽

L2 Development ◽

Parameter Resetting ◽

L1 Acquisition ◽

Korean Learners

In L1 acquisition research, developmental correlations between superfi cially unrelated linguistic phenomena are analysed in terms of clustering effects, resulting from the setting of a particular parameter of Universal Grammar (UG). In German L1 acquisition, there is evidence for a cluster ing of the acquisition of subject-verb agreement and the decrease of (incor rect) null subjects. The developmental connection between these two phenomena in L1 acquisition has been interpreted in terms of parameter setting. Vainikka and Young-Scholten (1994) have claimed that the acqui sition of subject-verb agreement and non-pro-drop in adult L2 learners developmentally coincides in the same way as it does in child L1 learners. This is taken to indicate that UG parameters are fully accessible to adult L2 learners. In this article we will report on reaction-time (RT) experi ments investigating subject-verb agreement and null subjects in 33 Korean learners of German and a control group of 20 German native speakers. Our main finding is that the two phenomena do not covary in the Korean learners indicating that (contra Vainikka and Young-Scholten) properties of agreement and null subjects are acquired separately from one another, rather than through parameter resetting.

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Analysis of Sequential Effects for a Four-Choice Reaction Time Experiment

The Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1080/00223980.1971.9916849 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 17-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Robert J. Remington

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Choice Reaction Time ◽

Reaction Time Experiment ◽

Sequential Effects

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Cockpit Cursor Control: Effects of Task Loading and Controller Location

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128603000707 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 30 (7) ◽

pp. 642-646

Author(s):

Daniel R. Tufano ◽

J. Thomas Gwynne

Keyword(s):

Flight Control ◽

Acquisition Time ◽

Left Hand ◽

Cursor Control ◽

Current Trends ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Task Loading ◽

Time Critical ◽

Main Effects ◽

And Task

Current trends in tactical aircraft missions and avionics require two-dimensional control of a display cursor by the pilot. This study varied cursor controller location (left hand: throttle; right hand: stick grip) and task loading (concurrent flight control) in a 2 × 2 within-subjects design. Nine test pilots, seated in a laboratory cockpit mockup, used an isometric rate controller to acquire targets on a head-up display with a cursor. This task was performed either alone or concurrently with compensatory pitch/roll tracking. There were no main effects for hand used (controller location) on any performance measures, nor did this factor interact with any other. As such, there is no evidence of design constraints on cursor controller location. Task loading increased time to initiate cursor control trials by 0.5 sec (p<0.01) and target acquisition time by 2.2 sec (p< 0.01). Diagonally located targets took 0.92 sec longer to acquire than targets on the vertical or horizontal axes (p<0.05), and were more susceptible to task loading interference (p<0.05). The “diagonal problem” and task loading decrements appear to be central effects and may not be amenable to equipment design solutions. These perceptual-motor limitations will constrain the allocation of mission functions to the display cursor, which are time-critical and must be performed during air combat maneuvers.

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Optimization of Process Parameters and Kinetics Analysis of Cd Removal in ZnSO4 Production

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9081437 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1437

Author(s):

Xiaoling Ren ◽

Xinqian Shu ◽

Haisheng Li ◽

Jiushuai Deng ◽

Peng Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Zinc Powder ◽

Diffusion Control ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Optimization Of Process Parameters ◽

Removal Experiments ◽

Main Effects ◽

Cd Removal

In order to optimize the process parameters of Cd removal in the ZnSO4 production process and study the mechanism of Cd removal reaction, the response surface methodology was used to arrange Cd removal experiments and analyze the optimal production conditions, and the mechanism of Cd removal was studied using kinetics. The results show that the optimal process conditions for Cd removal are as follows: reaction temperature 55 °C, reaction time 13.43 min, and the zinc powder dosage should be 2.14 times that of Cd; the main effects of the three variables from large to small are zinc powder dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time; Cd removal is a second-order reaction, and the activation energy of the reaction is 29.6986 kJ/mol, so the reaction conforms to the diffusion control mechanism.

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