scholarly journals A microbotanical and microwear perspective to plant processing activities and foodways at Neolithic Çatalhöyük

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252312
Author(s):  
Carlos G. Santiago-Marrero ◽  
Christina Tsoraki ◽  
Carla Lancelotti ◽  
Marco Madella
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Crop Processing ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Ground Stone ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archaeobotanical Remains ◽  
Plant Processing

Çatalhöyük is a renowned archaeological site in central Anatolia, best known for its Neolithic occupation dated from 7100 to 6000 cal BC. The site received worldwide attention early on for its large size, well-preserved mudbrick architecture, and elaborate wall paintings. Excavations at the site over almost three decades have unearthed rich archaeobotanical remains and a diverse ground stone assemblage produced by what once was a vibrant farming community. The study presented here adds to our understanding of crops and plant processing at Çatalhöyük by integrating phytoliths and starch analyses on grinding implements found at three domestic contexts attributed to the Middle (6700–6500 cal BC) and Late (6500–6300 cal BC) period of occupation. Our results reveal a rich microbotanical assemblage that testifies the use of a wide range of geophytes and wild seasonal resources previously unknown at the site. Moreover, by comparing results from the microbotanical proxies and microscopic wear patterns on artefacts, we are also able to discern various plant processing practices the analysed artefacts were employed for. In sum, this work further expands our understanding of plants and crop processing activities performed by the inhabitants of Neolithic Çatalhöyük.

The morphology of the British Prostriata with particular reference to Ixodes hexagonus Leach. II

Parasitology ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Margin ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Basis Capituli

The palps of all stages of Ixodes trianguliceps are provided with a ventral plate below the basal article; formerly this plate was thought to be the first palpal article. This article in the larva and nymph is produced forward into a spur, but in the female tick this spur is incorporated into the basis capituli as the sella. The hypostomes of I. trianguliceps and I. canisuga are redescribed to clear up existing inaccuracies.Ticks in which the rostrum does not extend beyond the apex of the first palpal article are found on birds, and this probably represents a primitive condition. Those with palpal spurs, which may or may not be fused with the basis capituli, are found on birds (not in Britain) or on mammals of the mouse size group, and those where the rostrum is produced beyond the first palpal article occur on a wide range of large and small animals. The longer and more heavily toothed digits of ticks appear to be associated with a wide host range and vice versa. The structure of the digit may also influence the choice of attachment sites by ticks on their hosts because the microstructure of the skin varies in different parts.Variations in size and form of the scuta of some British ticks are described, and the mean growth rate is ascertained from this data. The information shows that the material of I. ricinus and I. hexagonus is homogeneous, and that specific differences occur in size, shape, the position and type of dermal ducts and in the relation between scutal and alloscutal bristles.The morphology of Gené's organ in I. hexagonus is described. It consists of a basal sac-like portion surmounted by four horns and lined with a cuticle beneath an epithelium. The gland is a proliferation of the epithelium and located near the bifurcation of the base into the horns. A watery refractile fluid, secreted by the gland, accumulates between the epidermis and the cuticle in the horn-like extensions. Proximally the thick endocuticle and epidermis lie close together, and two cuticularized rods penetrate the endocuticle for about half-way along the stalk. The rods arise from the postero-dorsal margin of the basis capituli. Muscles, arising from the free ends of the rods, pass back to near the hind-margin of the scutum; they retract the basis capituli after egg laying and indirectly assist in the retraction of Gené's organ. A suggested mechanism for everting Gené's organ in I. hexagonus is outlined.During feeding the opisthosomatic cuticle of all developmental stages of the tick is much stretched. In the larva, where the cuticle is thin, this is effected by the flattening of the epicuticular pleats, but nymphs and females have, in addition, two longitudinal folds alongside the body which stretch to a far greater extent than do the epicuticular pleats. Similar folds are present between the hard ventral plates and the scutum and between the epimeral and median plates in the male. Coupled with the large size of the male digit, this suggests that morphologically, at least, males can imbibe blood.The growth of the leg segments of I. hexagonus is not constant from stage to stage, and as a result the shortest ‘leg-length’ of the female exceeds the longest ‘leg-length’ of the male.

Yanik Tepe, Shengavit, and the Khirbet Kerak Ware

1965 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Amiran
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Single Element ◽  
The North ◽  
Great Affinity ◽  
Wide Range

The problem dealt with in the following note, concisely worded in the title, has been occupying the attention of many scholars for quite some time, but seems now to have anchored at a haven, from which further research is already in progress. It may be considered a generally consented assumption, that the phenomenon of the Kh. Kerak Ware (which comprises all the occurrences of this distinctive ware, from Tabara el Akrad Levels IV–I, Amuq Phase H, Hama Niveau K5 in the north, to all the sites in Palestine, as far south as Jericho Tomb A, Tomb F4, etc.) is part of a much larger phenomenon, which stretches over a much wider area. It is evident that we cannot understand a single element, the Kh. Kerak Ware, unless we see it as belonging to a whole phenomenon. It is the great affinity, indeed almost homogeneity of the pottery, both shapes, surface treatment and decoration, which unifies the whole wide range of separated regions, from Transcaucasia (the Kura-Arax culture of B. Kuftin), Armenia and Azerbaidjan, through Eastern and Central Anatolia, to the whole length of the Levant, into one phenomenon.

scholarly journals Plasma Metal Deposition for Metallic Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Ariza Galván ◽  
Isabel Montealegre Meléndez ◽  
Cristina Arévalo Mora ◽  
Eva María Pérez Soriano ◽  
Erich Neubauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Welding Parameters ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
Lightweight Alloys ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
Feedstock Material

Plasma metal deposition (PMD®) is a promising and economical direct energy deposition technique for metal additive manufacturing based on plasma as an energy source. This process allows the use of powder, wire, or both combined as feedstock material to create near-net-shape large size components (i.e., >1 m) with high-deposition rates (i.e., 10 kg/h). Among the already PMD® processed materials stand out high-temperature resistance nickel-based alloys, diverse steels and stainless steels commonly used in the industry, titanium alloys for the aerospace field, and lightweight alloys. Furthermore, the use of powder as feedstock also allows to produce metal matrix composites reinforced with a wide range of materials. This chapter presents the characteristics of the PMD® technology, the welding parameters affecting additive manufacturing, examples of different fabricated materials, as well as the challenges and developments of the rising PMD® technology.

scholarly journals URMAP, an ultra-fast read mapper

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Edgar
Keyword(s):  
Read Mapping ◽  
Mapping Algorithm ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Mapping Software ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Comparable Accuracy ◽  
Generation Sequencing

AbstractMapping of reads to reference sequences is an essential step in a wide range of biological studies. The large size of datasets generated with next-generation sequencing technologies motivates the development of fast mapping software. Here, I describe URMAP, a new read mapping algorithm. URMAP is an order of magnitude faster than BWA and Bowtie2 with comparable accuracy on a benchmark test using simulated paired 150nt reads of a well-studied human genome. Software is freely available at https://drive5.com/urmap.

Changes in regional settlement patterns in Cappadocia (central Turkey) since the Neolithic: a combined site survey perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 33-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Lee Allcock ◽  
Neil Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Regional Settlement ◽  
Central Turkey

AbstractMore than 50 years of archaeological survey work carried out in Cappadocia in central Turkey has produced a number of important contributions to the understanding of long-term settlement histories. This article synthesises and critically evaluates the results of three field surveys conducted in Cappadocia which recorded material remains dating from the Early Holocene through to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Results from the combined Cappadocia surveys reveal temporal patterns over the longue durée that include a lack of detectable pre-Neolithic occupation and important exploitation of obsidian as a raw material during the Neolithic. There was growth and expansion of settlement during the later Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, a steady continuation of settlement during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, followed by rupture in settlement at the end of the Bronze Age. A new phase of settlement expansion began during the Iron Age and continued through Hellenistic and Roman times. This in turn was disrupted during the Byzantine period, which is associated with increased numbers of fortified sites. The succeeding long cycle of settlement began in Seljuk times and continued through to the end of the Ottoman period. Comparison with systematic archaeological site surveys in the adjacent regions of Paphlagonia and Konya shows some differences in settlement patterns, but overall broad sim¬ilarities indicate a coherent trajectory of settlement across central Anatolia over the last ten millennia.

Radio frequency expanding plasmas at low, intermediate, and atmospheric pressure and their applications

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1919-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Dinescu ◽  
Eusebiu R. Ionita
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Plasma Jets ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Rf Plasma ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Wide Range

We report on the operation and characteristics of radio frequency (RF) plasma beam sources based on the expansion of the discharge outside of limited spaces with small interelectrode gaps. The appropriate electrode configuration, combined with high mass flow values and appropriate power levels, leads to small- or large-size plasma jets, working stably at low, intermediate, and atmospheric pressures. The sources are promising tools for a wide range of applications in thin film deposition, surface modification, and cleaning, including the case of temperature-sensitive substrates.

Development of the Shell-Koppers coal gasification process

1981 ◽  
Vol 300 (1453) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Coal Gasifier ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
By Products

The Shell-Koppers process for the gasification of coal under pressure, based on the principles of entrained-bed technology, is characterized by: practically complete gasification of virtually all solid fuels; production of a clean gas without by-products; high throughput; high thermal efficiency and efficient heat recovery; environmental acceptability. There are numerous possible future applications for this process. The gas produced (93-98 vol. % hydrogen and carbon monoxide) is suitable for the manufacture of hydrogen or reducing gas and, with further processing, substitute natural gas (s.n.g.). Moreover, the gas can be used for the synthesis of ammonia, methanol and liquid hydrocarbons. Another possible application of this process is as an integral part of a combined-cycle power station featuring both gas and steam turbines. The integration of a Shell-Koppers coal gasifier with a combined-cycle power station will allow of electricity generation at 42-45 % efficiency for a wide range of feed coals. The development programme includes the operation of a 150 t/day gasifier at Deutsche Shell’s Harburg refinery since November 1978 and of a 6 t/day pilot plant a Royal Dutch Shell’s Amsterdam laboratories from December 1976 onwards. Both facilities run very successfully. With hard coal a conversion of 99% is reached while producing a gas with only 1 vol. % CO 2 . The next step will be the construction and operation of one or two 1000 t/day prototype plants which are scheduled for commissioning in 1983-4. Towards the end of the 1980s large commercial units with a capacity of 2500 t/day are contemplated. The economy, especially of these large size units, is very competitive.

Excavated Fish Vertebrae as Predictors in Bioarchaeological Research

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Rojo
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Minimum Number Of Individuals ◽  
Original Size ◽  
Number Of Individuals

A sample of fifty-eight fish vertebrae from an archaeological site (Gooseberry Point, Campobello Island, N.B. Canada), has been identified as belonging to Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua). From their morphometric study, it was possible to conclude the original size of the fish, their age, the seasonality of the campsite and the minimum number of individuals represented by the sample. The ages estimated from reading the vertebral rings varied from five to ten years. Some showed the growth of the “summer” in which they were caught, but many didn't have the growth-of-the-year suggesting a winter fishing activity. These estimates, along with the calculated live total length (from 523–961 mm) and the total weight (from 1,126–7,522 g) indicate that the fish utilized in the site were of a large size. This study used a number of methods to calculate MNIs which resulted in variance ranging from two to thirteen individuals.

Field Raman analysis to diagnose the conservation state of excavated walls and wall paintings in the archaeological site of Pompeii (Italy)

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1747-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite Maguregui ◽  
Ulla Knuutinen ◽  
Irantzu Martínez‐Arkarazo ◽  
Anastasia Giakoumaki ◽  
Kepa Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Raman Analysis

Anthropological Fieldwork: The Undergraduate Experience in Southern Mexico

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Ellen Kintz ◽  
Andrew Tschappat ◽  
Ryan Levy
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Undergraduate Experience ◽  
Anthropological Fieldwork ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
The Impact

My fieldwork in Cobá, Quintana Roo, Mexico began in 1976, when I was hired to serve as a member of a larger research team involved in the detailed mapping of the Classic Maya metropolis (Folan, Kintz, and Fletcher 1983). The archaeological site of Cobá is immense, measuring 63 square km. It exhibits unique characteristics, including the remains of house foundations, vaulted buildings, stone walls enclosing properties, the remains of storage rooms, the sites of house lot gardens, small water pools, altars, metates (limestone grinding stones), columns, platforms, ceramic sherds, and fragments of obsidian, among other structures and features. The plan of the suburban zone of the ancient city was mimicked by village settlement patterns on the south side of Lake Cobá. While this early phase of research focused on the archaeological ruins of Cobá, data were complied on the village and resources pertaining to family structure, housing, making milpa (tending cornfields), and important and useful resources found in the tropical rainforest. With Cobá, operating as a small farming community, the impact of archaeologists on traditional practices and economic life was minimal. However, the outsiders did introduce wage labor.

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