scholarly journals Effectiveness of the Biological Control of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (s1) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Jacek Nawrocki ◽  
Anna Pogodzińska
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
First Year ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Pythium Oligandrum ◽  
Second Year

Abstract In two-year field experiments (2014 and 2015), the effect of used preparations on health status of leaves and roots and bulbs on two cultivars of garlic: ‘Arkus’ and ‘Garpek’ was studied. During investigations: Polyversum WP (Pythium oligandrum), Trifender WP (Trichoderma asperellum) and RhizoVital 42 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and standard fungicide Topsin M 500 SC (tiophanate methyl) were used. Unprotected plants presented control. The obtained results showed that in the first year of the studies, all the tested formulations effectively protected the roots and bulbs of garlic against rot, except RhizoVital 42 for ‘Arkus’ variety and Trifender WP for cultivar ‘Garpek’. In 2015, all tested preparations, without exception, limited root rot and the rot of basal part of bulbs both cultivars of garlic. The applied biological preparations had no significant effect on health of the leaves of garlic in 2014 and in 2015 for cultivar ‘Garpek’, while in the second year of studies, all the tested formulations effectively limited the dieback of leaves of the garlic cultivar ‘Arkus’.

scholarly journals Antagonistic Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XZ34-1 for Controlling Bipolaris sorokiniana and Promoting Growth in Wheat

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1526
Author(s):  
Yanjie Yi ◽  
Youtian Shan ◽  
Shifei Liu ◽  
Yanhui Yang ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Common Root Rot

Common root rot, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is one of the most prevalent diseases of wheat and has led to major declines in wheat yield and quality worldwide. Here, strain XZ34-1 was isolated from soil and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on the morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence. Culture filtrate (CF) of strain XZ34-1 showed a high inhibition rate against B.sorokiniana and had a broad antifungal spectrum. It also remarkably inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of B. sorokiniana. In pot control experiments, the incidence and disease index of common root rot in wheat seedlings were decreased after treatment with CF, and the biological control efficacy was significant, up to 78.24%. Further studies showed XZ34-1 could produce antifungal bioactive substances and had the potential of promoting plant growth. Lipopeptide genes detection with PCR indicated that strain XZ34-1 may produce lipopeptides. Furthermore, activities of defense-related enzymes were enhanced in wheat seedlings after inoculation with B.sorokiniana and treatment with CF, which showed induced resistance could be produced in wheat to resist pathogens. These results reveal that strain XZ34-1 is a promising candidate for application as a biological control agent against B.sorokiniana.

scholarly journals Response of the Most Promising Wheat Genotypes with Different Nitrogen Levels

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-497
Author(s):  
N. Rawal ◽  
D. Chalise ◽  
N. Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Plot Design

Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons of 2013 and 2014 on the alkaline and silty loam soils of NWRP, Bhairahawa to study the interaction of the most promising wheat genotypes with different nitrogen levels under different agro-ecological zones and recommend the appropriate dose of nitrogen for newly released varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design: four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) as a whole plot and six wheat genotypes (BL 3623, BL 3629, BL 3872, NL 1008, NL 1055 and Vijay) as a sub-plot which were replicated three times. There was significant effect of varieties and nitrogen levels on plant height, number of spikes, thousand grain weight and grain yield in both the years. In first year, the highest grain yield of 3.35 t/ha was obtained from the application of nitrogen @ 150 kg/ha with the genotype BL 3872 which is followed by the genotypes BL 3623 (3.15 ton/ha) and NL 1055 (3.05 ton/ha). Similarly in second year, the genotype NL 1055 gave the highest grain yield of 4.01 ton/ha followed by genotypes BL 3629 (3.83 ton/ha) and BL 3623 (3.81 ton/ha) from the application of nitrogen @ 150 kg/ha. Based on two years results, it can be concluded that N was a limiting factor in the productivity of wheat. Nitrogen @ 150 kg per ha produced higher yield and yield attributing characters. Similarly, the wheat genotypes NL 1055, BL 3629, BL 3623 and BL 3872 were superior among the genotypes.

Transformation of Marketing at the Ohio Art Company (A)

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Dustin Moon ◽  
Rajkumar Venkatesan ◽  
Paul W. Farris
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
General Level ◽  
First Year ◽  
Integrated Marketing Communications ◽  
Integrated Marketing ◽  
Marketing Analytics ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Return On Marketing

This case is intended to be part of a first-year MBA marketing course or a second-year elective in advertising, integrated marketing communications, market research, or marketing analytics. It provides students with two real advertising experiments and the challenges involved in executing them. It allows for discussion of the need for advertising experiments, and, at a more general level, the need to measure the return on marketing. Biases surrounding the field experiments provide an opportunity for discussion about the problems with establishing a causal relationship between advertising and sales.

scholarly journals Use of Fungicides and Biological Controls in the Suppression of Fusarium Crown and Root Rot of Asparagus Under Greenhouse and Growth Chamber Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Reid ◽  
M. K. Hausbeck ◽  
K. Kizilkaya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Crown And Root Rot ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
Commercial Field

Growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments were conducted with fungicides and biological control agents, including nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum, to test their ability to control disease caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum. In greenhouse studies with asparagus seedlings in soil, Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22, benomyl, and fludioxonil treatments increased root weight and decreased root disease compared with the infested control when a low level of F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum was used. The fungicide fludioxonil limited plant death caused by Fusarium spp. at high inoculum levels, whereas T. harzianum strain T-22 was not effective. Nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum were effective in limiting Fusarium disease on asparagus seedlings in culture tubes, although isolates differed in their ability to control disease caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum. In greenhouse studies, no significant differences in plant death were found between asparagus plants growing in media infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum and left untreated, and those treated with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum. The efficacy of fungicides and biological control products to control Fusarium crown and root rot under commercial field conditions could not be evaluated due to low disease pressure.

Effect of potassium fertilization of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) on yield, pyrethrins concentration in dry achenes and potassium concentration in soil and plant tissues

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Salardini ◽  
KSR Chapman ◽  
RJ Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
First Year ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Tanacetum Cinerariifolium ◽  
Second Year

Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a small perennial plant, has been commercially grown for production of pyrethrins (Py) in Tasmania since 1983. Two field experiments were conducted on clay loam and sandy clay loam krasnozem soils at Harford and North Motton in the northern region and a two-year experiment on an alluvial sandy loam at Ouse in the southern region of Tasmania to study its potassium (K) requirements. Potassium, at rates up to 200 kg K ha-1, was band-placed at planting (basal K) of pyrethrum splits. At Ouse in the spring of the following year up to 100 kg K ha-1 was side-dressed in the subplots. No achene yield response was observed at Harford with the soil Colwell K (Kc) of 80 mg K kg-1 and North Motton (Kc = 132), but at Ouse (Kc = 50) in the first year a maximum increase of 86% in the achene yield was attained at 50 kg K ha-1. In the second year at Ouse, the achene yield response occurred with residual basal K up to the 200 kg ha-1 rate, where the achene yield was 3.9-fold greater than the control. In addition to the increase gained from the residual K in the second year, 50 kg side-dressed K ha-1 increased the achene yield by a maximum of 50%. Basal K did not have any effect on the Py concentration of the first year crops, but it increased the Py concentration in the second year crop at Ouse. Side-dressed K also increased the Py concentration. The Py yield at the highest rate of 200 kg basal and 25 kg side-dressed K ha-1 was more than 6.5-fold that in the control treatment. The Kc and the concentration of K in apical tissues were correlated to the rates of applied K, achene yield and Py yield, and their potential as techniques to predict pyrethrum response to K application is discussed.

Advertising Experiments at the Ohio Art Company

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Paul W. Farris ◽  
Rajkumar Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
General Level ◽  
First Year ◽  
Integrated Marketing Communications ◽  
Integrated Marketing ◽  
Marketing Analytics ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Return On Marketing

This case is intended to be part of a first-year MBA marketing course, or a second-year elective in advertising, integrated marketing communications, market research, or marketing analytics. The case provides students with examples of two real advertising experiments and the challenges involved in executing the experiments. It allows for a discussion of the need for advertising experiments, and also, at a more general level, the need to measure the return on marketing. Biases surrounding the field experiments allow for a discussion of the problems with establishing a causal relationship between advertising and sales.

Influence of Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) on Snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ray Frank
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
First Year ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Solanum Carolinense ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Second Year

Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 at Frederick, MD, to determine established horsenettle (Solanum carolinenseL.) interference with snapbean. Horsenettle grown for 3 yr prior to planting snapbeans reduced yield 65% in 1987 and 48% in 1988. Horsenettle established for 1 yr reduced snapbean yield 20 and 18% in 1987 and 1988, respectively. As the distance of the snapbean row from the horsenettle row increased, there was less effect on the yield of snapbean. In 1987, snapbean yield in rows 15, 30, or 60 cm from horsenettle was reduced 43, 29, and 15%, respectively, while during 1988 in the same plots snapbean yields were reduced 38, 26, and 11%. Eight horsenettle planted in a 4.6-m row the first year and 16 horsenettle per row for the second year reduced snapbean yield 36 and 55% respectively. Horsenettle fruit number was 16% lower the first year and 45% lower the second year when snapbeans were grown at a 15-cm row spacing instead of a 60-cm row spacing.

Perennial sowthistle control with sequential herbicide treatments applied under minimum and zero tillage systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Darwent ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
G. W. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
First Year ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis

Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) control under minimum and zero tillage systems, and following several sequential in-crop herbicide treatments applied in a crop rotation of canola (Brassica rapa L.) followed by 3 yr of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), was evaluated in two field experiments near Grande Prairie, Alberta. Under zero tillage, in-crop applications of clopyralid at 0.1 to 0.3 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1 to canola, followed by annual in-crop applications of clopyralid at 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1 plus MCPA at 0.42 kg a.i ha−1 to barley in the next 2 yr, reduced perennial sowthistle from a mean initial density of 3.9 shoots m−2 to ≤0.5 shoots m−2 in the fourth year. Glyphosate at 0.45 kg acid equivalent (a.e.) ha−1 plus dicamba at 0.14 kg a.i. ha−1 was applied annually before seeding barley in these plots. In the second experiment, the same herbicide treatments, except for an additional preseeding application of glyphosate at 0.9 kg a.e. ha−1 in the first year, reduced perennial sowthistle density from 9.2 shoots m−2 to ≤0.1 shoots m−2 Increasing the rate of clopyralid in the first year resulted in decreases in perennial sowthistle density in the second and third years following application but not in the fourth year. In unweeded zero tillage check plots of the two experiments, perennial sowthistle increased to 41.8 and 36.0 shoots m–2, respectively, over the same period. Applying metsulfuron at 0.0045 kg a.i. ha–1 in the second year and dicamba plus the potassium salt of MCPA (1:4) at 0.54 kg a.i. ha−1 in the third year, in place of clopyralid plus MCPA, produced similar reductions in perennial sowthistle density. Under minimum tillage, where tillage was limited to a single preseeding discing before seeding and a single mid-to-late October deep tillage cultivation, reductions in perennial sowthistle density following in-crop applications of clopyralid in the first year and clopyralid plus MCPA in the next 2 yr were similar to those following application of the same in-crop herbicides under zero tillage. However, in minimum tillage plots where metsulfuron and dicamba plus MCPA were applied in the second and third years, perennial sowthistle density was not reduced or declined at a slower rate than in other sprayed plots. Canola and barley yields increased as a result of reductions in perennial sowthistle density. Key words: Perennial sowthistle, Sonchus arvensis L., tillage, clopyralid, metsulfuron, dicamba

Effects of cultivation and cultural practice on root rot of subterranean clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
GC MacNish
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Second Year

Field experiments in 1975 and 1976 in south-western Western Australia investigated the effects of various cultivation and cultural practices on the level of root rot of subterranean clover. The treatments produced significant reductions in the levels of both tap and lateral root rot, but these reductions failed to persist beyond the second year after treatment. The best treatments were those of fallowing an area from August to March before cultivation and reseeding, or spring cultivation before sowing to oats followed by a March cultivation and reseeding.

scholarly journals Flower Abscission and Induction in North American Ginseng with Ethephon

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Fiebig ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D.P. Murr ◽  
R.D. Reeleder
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Carry Over Effect

Field experiments over 2 years were used to determine the effect of ethephon on: plant growth, weight of berries, proportion of red, green and immature berries, and root weight (economic yield) of 3-year-old north american ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolius L.). Ethephon sprays applied during bloom that thoroughly wetted the foliage and inflorescences immediately induced crop canopy descent (epinasty) exposing inflorescences and subsequently reducing plant height. Within a week the desired inflorescence and peduncle browning and flower drop took place. In each of four experiments ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L-1, reduced berry weight and percent red berries, and increased the percent immature berries linearly. However, the responses to ethephon were variable. The highest concentration of 4000 mg·L-1 ethephon caused similar results in both years to the traditional practice of hand removal of inflorescences, but foliar reddening and some defoliation were observed. Buffering ethephon sprays at pH 2.6, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 gave similar results. The surfactant Tween 20 did not increase the effectiveness of the sprays. Generally, multiple applications of ethephon at lower concentrations were no more effective than comparable single higher concentration sprays. Carry-over effect of ethephon in the second year included crop stunting, an increase in root weight, and berry weights and berry color proportions similar to those plants on which hand removal was carried out in the first year. Chemical names used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document