scholarly journals Energy of Flipping A Spin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Wang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Quantum Dynamic ◽  
Energy Limit ◽  
Spin Electronics ◽  
Classical Charge ◽  
Interaction Experiment ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract We found that the physics of using a spin’s orientation to store data fundamentally differs from that of using a particle’s position as a (classical) bit of information: the former is quantum dynamic and independent of temperature (if the temperature is below the Curie point), whereas the latter is thermodynamic and thereby dependent on temperature. The formula to calculate the minimum energy of flipping a spin should be the Bohr magneton times the magnetic field. Obviously, the key to calculating such a minimum energy is to find a minimum magnetic field that should not be zero; otherwise, spin-flipping will not take place. Our conclusion is that the energy limit of storing data in a modern way (using a spin’s orientation) is 1.64E-36 J, 15 orders of magnitude lower than that of storing data in a classical way (using a particle’s position), which implies that spin electronics in data storage is fundamentally superior to classical charge-based methods in terms of energy efficiency and computational reversibility. We also verified this new limit based on a spinspin interaction experiment.

scholarly journals On the Predictive Power of the Minimum Energy Condition

1993 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 413-414
Author(s):  
Martin Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Spiral Galaxies ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Energy Condition ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Minimum Energy Method ◽  
The Magnetic Field

We reexamine the minimum energy method to determine the magnetic field strength in spiral galaxies from the cosmic ray standpoint of view. It is shown that for example in M51 the estimated field strength is about a factor of 2 lower than obtained with the standard method. As a by-product the corresponding γ-ray flux from the galaxies can be calculated, which will allow further improvement of the method provided reliable γ-ray spectra are at hand.

Formation of the SN1987A Ring due to magnetic pressure

1997 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 473-473
Author(s):  
M. Mori ◽  
H. Washimi ◽  
S. Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Radio Emission ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Magnetic Pressure ◽  
Interaction Region ◽  
Stellar Winds ◽  
Fast Wind ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Several weeks after the explosion of supernova (SN) SN1987A, the UV flash of the SN illuminated a ring-like structure in the circumstellar material at about 0.65 ly from the SN. The interaction between the stellar winds from the SN progenitor is considered to be the candidate for the formation of the circumstellar structure. In the case that the stellar winds are spherically symmetric, the interaction should result in a shell-like structure. However, Washimi, Shibata & Mori (1996) show that the magnetic field in the winds causes an anisotropy which leads to the formation of a ring-like structure. When the fast wind of the blue supergiant phase of the progenitor sweeps up the surrounding slow wind of the red-supergiant phase, the magnetic field as well as the wind material are piled up in the interaction region. Since the magnetic energy increases in proportion to the square of the amplitude, the magnetic field exhibits its effect prominently at the interaction region; due to the magnetic pressure force the material at lower latitudes is compressed into a ring-like structure. It is suggested that this magnetic process can also explain the newly observed pair of rings of the SN1987A nebula. We note that the idea of a magnetic field effect is consistent with the radio observation of a supernova remnant, detected by Staveley-Smith et al. (1992) at about 1200 days after the explosion. This radio emission is explained by the collision of the supernova blast wave with the shocked blue wind. This position corresponds to the averaged expansion speed of the supernova ejecta ∼ 0.08 ly which is consistent with the estimation by Shigeyama and Nomoto (1990). The estimated magnetic-energy density by the minimum-energy argument is ∼ 4 × 10–8f–4/7N m–2, where f is the fractional volume of the radiating acceleration region, suggesting a magnetic field of a few milli-Gauss or more (Chevalier 1992). This field intensity is consistent with an intensity of ≈ 2 · 10–4 Gauss obtained between the reverse shock and the contact surface shown, if one takes into account a further enhancement of the field due to the sweeping-up process by the supernova blast wave. When the SN ejector collides with the ring at the end of this century or at the beginning of the next one, we can also expect more intense radio emission at rather middle and high latitudes where the magnetic intensity is greater, rather than at the equator where the ring-like structure is located.

Screening of a Positive Muon by a Semion Gas

1991 ◽  
Vol 05 (10) ◽  
pp. 1579-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. McMullen ◽  
P. Jena ◽  
S. N. Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Electron System ◽  
Electron Systems ◽  
Correlated Electron Systems ◽  
Muon Site ◽  
Correlated Electron ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Positively Charged

μSR is one of the experimental techniques used to search for manifestations of the broken [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] symmetries predicted by some theories of highly correlated electron systems. When [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are broken, the screening of the positively charged muon by the electron system generates a magnetic field in addition to any intrinsic magnetic field that may be present. We estimate the magnetic field that is induced at a muon site when the muon is screened by the fractional statistics gas. The value depends on the distance between the muon and the anyon plane, and a simple theoretical approach to the calculation of the minimum energy muon sites is outlined and some results for Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 are presented.

scholarly journals On the groundstate energy of tight knots

2009 ◽  
Vol 465 (2109) ◽  
pp. 2761-2783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Maggioni ◽  
Renzo L. Ricca
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Internal Field ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
Torus Knots ◽  
Tube Cross Section ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Groundstate Energy

New results on the groundstate energy of tight, magnetic knots are presented. Magnetic knots are defined as tubular embeddings of the magnetic field in an ideal, perfectly conducting, incompressible fluid. An orthogonal, curvilinear coordinate system is introduced and the magnetic energy is determined by the poloidal and toroidal components of the magnetic field. Standard minimization of the magnetic energy is carried out under the usual assumptions of volume- and flux-preserving flow, with the additional constraints that the tube cross section remains circular and that the knot length (ropelength) is independent from internal field twist (framing). Under these constraints the minimum energy is determined analytically by a new, exact expression, function of ropelength and framing. Groundstate energy levels of tight knots are determined from ropelength data obtained by the SONO tightening algorithm. Results for torus knots are compared with previous work, and the groundstate energy spectrum of the first prime knots — up to 10 crossings — is presented and analysed in detail. These results demonstrate that ropelength and framing determine the spectrum of magnetic knots in tight configuration.

scholarly journals The role of magnetic energy on plasma localization during the glow discharge under reduced pressure

Nukleonika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Chodun ◽  
Katarzyna Nowakowska-Langier ◽  
Krzysztof Zdunek ◽  
Sebastian Okrasa
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Glow Discharge ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
First Results ◽  
Paschen Curve ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract In this work, we present the first results of our research on the synergy of fields, electric and magnetic, in the initiation and development of glow discharge under reduced pressure. In the two-electrode system under reduced pressure, the breakdown voltage characterizes a minimum energy input of the electric field to initiate and sustain the glow discharge. The glow discharge enhanced by the magnetic field applied just above the surface of the cathode influences the breakdown voltage decreasing its value. The idea of the experiment was to verify whether the contribution of potential energy of the magnetic field applied around the cathode is sufficiently effective to locate the plasma of glow discharge to the grounded cathode, which, in fact, is the part of a vacuum chamber wall (the anode is positively biased in this case). In our studies, we used the grounded magnetron unit with positively biased anode in order to achieve favorable conditions for the deposition of thin films on fibrous substrates such as fabrics for metallization, assuming that locally applied magnetic field can effectively locate plasma. The results of our studies (Paschen curve with the participation of the magnetic field) seem to confirm the validity of the research assumption. What is the most spectacular - the glow discharge was initiated between introduced into the chamber anode and the grounded cathode of magnetron ‘assisted’ by the magnetic field (discharge did not include the area of the anode, which is a part of the magnetron construction).

scholarly journals Selection of the optimum device parameters for constant magnetic field generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Regina Khazieva ◽  
Maksim Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Programming System ◽  
Magnetic Field Generation ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
System A ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The aim of the work is to develop a device design for creating constant magnetic fields and select its parameters, select an electrical circuit for powering the device and determine how the energy efficiency of the device changes with an increase in its overall dimensions. When solving the problem, the KOMPAS-3D three-dimensional modeling system was used, the magnetic field induction was calculated using the Pascal ABC programming system, the optimal device parameters were selected using the Microsoft Excel program. Calculations have shown that the coefficient taking into account the inhomogeneous distribution of the magnetic field in the device is 0.883. The optimum ratio between the height and the radius of the cylinder, along which the emulsion flows, is h = r √ 20 hr. Using the KOMPAS-3D three-dimensional modeling system, a model of the device under development was built taking into account the obtained relationships. When using a circuit with an uncontrolled rectifier and autotransformer, the power consumed by the device is 2.67 times lower than the power consumed by the device when using a circuit with a controlled rectifier and a transformer. Energy efficiency increases significantly with the increase in device performance.

Earth inner drift shells as observed by the Advanced Stellar Compass on Swarm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M G Merayo ◽  
John L Joergensen ◽  
Peter S Joergensen ◽  
Matija Herceg ◽  
Mathias Benn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Field Gradient ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Flux Transport ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
East West

<p>Since launch in November 2013, the Swarm constellation of three satellites provides detailed measurements of the magnetic field of the Earth. To ensure the high accuracy of magnetic vector observation by Vector Field Magnetometer (VFM), the Swarm inertial attitude is determined by the micro Advanced Stellar Compass (μASC). Besides its primary function of attitude determination, the µASC is also capable of detecting particles with energies high enough to penetrate its camera shielding, where particles passing the focal plane CCD detector leave detectable ionization tracks. The typical shielding employed requires the minimum energy to penetrate >15MeV for electrons, > 80MeV for protons and >~GeV for heavier elements.</p><p>The signature of passing particle will only persist in one frame time, but the signature differs between electrons and protons. To ensure full attitude performance operations even during the most intense CMEs, the signatures are removed before star tracking. By counting the signatures, and using a model for the flux transport through the shielding, an accurate measure of the instantaneous high energy particle flux is achieved at each update cycle (250ms).</p><p>With this feature installed on all three Swarm spacecrafts, a hitherto unprecedented accurate mapping of the proton population around Earth is achieved at two distances, 450 and 530km.</p><p>The superrelativistic protons measured by the μASC (g>>1), travel at speeds very close to c, and bouncing between the North and South Earth sphere, encounters complex field structures for at least some of the time. The bounce period is much smaller than the Earth rotation period, and an east-west drift component is caused by the magnetic field gradient.</p><p>We will present observations of the trapped proton fluxes and show how the magnetic field affects their motion shells. Slightly deformed particle drift shells due to the magnetic field structure (for orbits with L>1.07) and the differential east-west drift as measured by the Swarm Alpha and Charlie satellites will be discussed.</p>

scholarly journals Standard Magnetic Field Production at Huairou Solar Observing Station

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S340) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
Suo Liu ◽  
Ganghua Lin ◽  
Xiao Yang ◽  
Xiaofan Wang ◽  
Jiangtao Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Solar Magnetic Field ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Storage Medium ◽  
Field Calibration ◽  
Solar Observations ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Physicist

AbstractThe regular solar observations are operated at Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS) since 1987, which make the construction of long-term magnetic field datasets available to understand solar magnetic field and cycles. There exist some inconveniences for solar physicist to use these data, because the data storage medium and format at HSOS experienced some changes. Additionally, the processes of magnetic field calibration are not easy to deal with for who are not familiar with these data. Here shows that the magnetic field of HSOS are further processed toward international standards, in order to explore HSOS observations data for scientific research.

scholarly journals Selection of optimum device parameters for permanent magnetic field generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
R. T. Khazieva ◽  
M. D. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Programming System ◽  
Power Circuit ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
The Magnetic Field

THE PURPUSE. To consider the fields of application of electromagnetic treatment of water systems. To analyze the modern literature on the use of constant magnetic fields for dehydration of oil-water emulsions. To develop the design of a device for generating constant magnetic fields and select its parameters. To select the electrical circuit for powering the device. To determine how the energy efficiency of the device changes with an increase in its overall dimensions. METHODS. When solving the problem, the KOMPAS-3D three-dimensional modeling system was used, the magnetic field induction was calculated using the PascalABC programming system, the optimal device parameters were selected using the Microsoft Excel program. RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, considers the distribution of the magnetic field in the device under development, determines the optimal design parameters for this device and selects the electrical power circuit. CONCLUSION. Calculations have shown that the coefficient taking into account the inhomogeneous distribution of the magnetic field in the device is 0.883. Using the KOMPAS-3D three-dimensional modeling system, a model of the device under development was builttaking into account the obtained relationships.When using a circuit with an uncontrolled rectifier and autotransformer, the power consumed by the device is 2.67 times lower than the power consumed by the device when using a circuit with a controlled rectifier and a transformer. Energy efficiency increases significantly with the increase in device performance.

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