scholarly journals Dormancy, Cold Hardiness, Dehardening, and Rehardening in Selected Red Raspberry Cultivars

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Leena Lindén
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
The State ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Flower Buds

Canes and flower buds of selected red raspberry cultivars (Rubus idaeus L. `Maurin Makea', `Muskoka', and `Ottawa') were sampled from a field (latitude, 61 °20'N; longitude, 24 °13'E) at 1-month intervals during Winter 1996-97 to study the interaction of dormancy and cold hardiness, hardiness retention, and rehardening capacity. One set of canes was subjected to dehardening (3 days) and two sets to dehardening + rehardening (3 and 7 days) treatments before cold hardiness determination. Maximum midwinter hardiness occurred in January, after breaking of endodormancy. Cold hardiness of canes and buds reached -28.6 to -37.2 °C and -24.2 to -31.6 °C, respectively. Throughout the winter, raspberry canes were hardier than buds. Endodormancy had a greater influence on dehardening and rehardening in buds than in canes, and cultivars differed in their response. Dehardening of `Maurin Makea' canes and buds, and `Muskoka' buds was slightly enhanced by breaking of dormancy, whereas dehardening in `Ottawa' was not affected by dormancy. Raspberry canes and buds could reharden even after dormancy release. Rehardening capacity was affected by the state of dormancy only in `Maurin Makea' buds. Changes in dormancy status failed to explain cultivar differences regarding dehardening and the capacity to reharden suggesting other factors may be involved.

scholarly journals Breaking Dormancy in Red Raspberry with Hot Water Treatment and its Effects on Cold Hardiness

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Leena Lindén
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Hot Water Treatment ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Water Treatments

`Maurin Makea', `Muskoka', ` Ottawa', and `Preussen' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) canes were collected from the field and subjected to different hot water treatments (20, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C) to determine if endodormancy could be removed by a near lethal stress. Estimation of days for 50% budbreak (DD50) was found useful for describing the state of bud dormancy in the samples. Bud dormancy was broken in `Ottawa' by immersing the canes in 45 °C water for 2 hours, in `Maurin Makea' by treating the canes in 40 °C water, and in `Preussen' by both 40 and 45 °C treatments. The influence of this treatment on dormancy and cold hardiness at different times of the winter was further examined using `Ottawa' raspberry. The treatment removed bud dormancy most effectively in October, when the samples were in deepest dormancy. A slight effect was observed in November, but no effect in January. During ecodormancy in February the treatment delayed budbreak. Hot water treatment reduced cold hardiness of `Ottawa' canes by 8 to 15 °C, and that of buds by 9 to 13 °C during both endo- and ecodormancy. Based on the capacity of buds and canes to reacclimate, recovery from the stress treatment was possible at temperatures ≥4 °C. Loss of cold hardiness was caused by high treatment temperature itself and was not related to breaking of dormancy in samples. This finding suggests that dormancy and cold hardiness are physiologically unconnected in raspberry.

scholarly journals Effect of Elevated Medium Sucrose Levels on Cold Hardiness of `Festival' Red Raspberry in Vitro

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 850D-850
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Danielle Donnelly ◽  
Deborah Buszard
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
The Media ◽  
Different Levels

Low tissue-water content and increased osmotic concentration of cell sap are associated with frost resistance. Changes in total osmotic concentration of cell sap are due mainly to changes in concentration of sugars. Generally, sugar content increases with hardening and decreases with dehardening. This study examined the effect of elevated sucrose levels (3% to 15%) in the medium on the cold hardiness of `Festival' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) shoots in vitro. To determine whether expected hardening is caused by elevated sucrose levels or by osmotic stress, different levels of mannitol in the media have been tested. After growing raspberry shoots on media with different levels of sucrose and mannitol for 2 weeks, shoot moisture content (percent) was determined. Cold hardiness of the shoots was determined by using differential thermal analysis or artificially freezing the shoots and assessing the survival by regrowth test and visual rating.

scholarly journals Screening Red Raspberry for Cold Hardiness in Vitro

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. Zatylny ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
J.A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
Cold Hardy

Two selections and two cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were evaluated for cold hardiness in vitro. Tissue-cultured shoots were exposed to temperatures from 0 to –18C and samples were removed at 2C intervals. Injury was assessed by a visual rating of tissue browning after freezing. Only shoots subjected to step-wise acclimation at low temperatures before freezing revealed significant differences among the four types in the lowest shoot survival temperature. Acclimation treatments increased the lowest survival temperatures of in vitro shoots by a mean of 3.1C. The hardiness obtained from this screening method agreed with that of winter survival in the field. Ranking, from the most to least cold hardy, was `Boyne', Gu 72, Gu 63, and `Comox'.

scholarly journals Assessing Cold Hardiness of Red Raspberry Genotypes in the Laboratory and Field

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. Zatylny ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
J.A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Growth Cessation ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Leaf Drop ◽  
Controlled Freezing

Tissue survival assessments of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), including cane dieback, bud death, time of cane leaf drop, and growth cessation, were compared to freezing tests of stem portions and buds. Four named cultivars and six Guelph (designated Gu) selections were assessed in the field at two locations in each of two winters and in concurrent controlled freezing tests at one location for one winter. The time of cane leaf drop and of cessation of cane extension growth in the fall were not correlated with field survival. Cane dieback as a percentage of cane length was a better estimate of winter survival than was bud number. Controlled freezing tests of stem portions and buds, and calculation of T40s and T50s indicate that genotypes differed in their relative hardiness throughout the winter. The different methods of field assessment of cold hardiness were well correlated, but not well correlated with controlled freezing tests (4.2% significant correlations). Exclusion of the genotype, Gu 75, which behaved differently in the field than in freezing tests, increased the number of significant correlations to 16.7%.

scholarly journals Relating Freeze-induced Electrolyte Leakage Measurements to Lethal Temperature in Red Raspberry

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Lindén ◽  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Mikael Lindén
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Gompertz Function ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Richards Function ◽  
Response Percentage

Seasonal cold hardiness of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) canes was measured by freeze-induced electrolyte leakage test and visual rating of injury. Leakage data were transformed to percentage-adjusted injury values and related to lethal temperature by graphical interpolation and by the midpoint (T50) and inflection point (Tmax) estimates derived from three sigmoid (the logistic, Richards, and Gompertz) functions. Tmax estimates produced by Richards and Gompertz functions were corrected further using two different procedures. The 10 leakage-based hardiness indices, thus derived, were compared to lethal-temperature estimates based on visual rating. Graphical interpolation and Tmax of the logistic or T50 of the Gompertz function yielded lethal-temperature estimates closest to those obtained visually. Also, Tmax values of the Gompertz function were well correlated with visual hardiness indices. The Richards function yielded hardiness estimates deviating largely from visual rating. In addition, the Richards function displayed a considerable lack of fit in several data sets. The Gompertz function was preferred to the logistic one as it allows for asymmetry in leakage response. Percentage-adjusted injury data transformation facilitated curve-fitting and enabled calculation of T50 estimates.

scholarly journals SEASONAL CHANGE IN COLD HARDINESS AND DAYS TO BUDBREAK OF RUBUS IDAEUS L. `CHILCOTIN', `CHILLIWACK', `MEEKER', AND `WILLAMETTE'

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 655a-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick P. Moore ◽  
Rita L. Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Environment Chamber ◽  
Freeze Test

Days to bud break and freezing tolerance of `Chilcotin', `Chilliwack', `Meeker' and `Willamette' red raspberry were measured during the 1990-1991 winter and at monthly intervals from mid-September 1991 through mid-March 1992. Canes were harvested from the field and cut into two-bud samples which were either frozen in laboratory tests or held with cut stem ends in water in a controlled environment chamber and monitored daily until bud growth was observed. Viability was estimated by visual browning after exposure to controlled laboratory freezing treatments. In general, freeze test results indicated `Meeker' and `Willamette' were not as hardy as `Chilliwack' and `Chilcotin' in late fall and midwinter but retained their hardiness longer in spring. Results for 1990-1991 indicated the greatest delay in days to bud break occurred in midwinter.

scholarly journals Relationship of Seasonal Changes in Carbohydrates and Cold Hardiness in Canes and Buds of Three Red Raspberry Cultivars

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Controlled Freezing ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

Canes of three field-grown cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. `Maurin Makea', `Ottawa', and `Muskoka') were sampled from October to April. Carbohydrate contents of canes and flower buds were analyzed, and cold hardiness (LT50) was determined by controlled freezing. Starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and minor amounts of raffinose and stachyose were present in both cane and bud tissues. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars in buds. In canes, the proportion of sucrose of all sugars was greater than in buds. Seasonal changes in carbohydrates were related to changes in cold hardiness and mean air temperature during a 5-day period preceding sampling. Starch decreased during fall and was barely detectable in midwinter. Soluble carbohydrates accumulated to 73 to 89 mg·g-1 dry weight in canes and 113 to 131 mg·g-1 dry weight in buds in midwinter. The most striking increase occurred in the concentration of sucrose, but glucose, fructose, raffinose, and stachyose also accumulated. There was a positive correlation between LT50 and the amount of starch, but a negative correlation between LT50 and the amounts of total soluble carbohydrates, sucrose, glucose, and fructose. High levels of sucrose, total soluble carbohydrates, and a high ratio of sucrose to glucose plus fructose were characteristic of a hardy cultivar. Results are evidence of the importance of carbohydrate reserves, especially sucrose, on winter survival of red raspberry.

FREEZING SURVIVAL AND SUPERCOOLING IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BUDS OF Rubus spp.

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. WARMUND ◽  
M. F. GEORGE
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Viability Testing ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Floral Primordia

Primary and secondary buds from 11 blackberry (Rubus subgen. Rubus) and 10 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) cultivars were subjected to viability testing to determine their relative hardiness from November 1987 through March 1988. Of the blackberries tested, Darrow floral buds were found to be the most hardy throughout dormancy. Forty-five percent of primordia in Darrow primary buds survived −33 °C in January. Most blackberries had reproductive secondary buds that generally survived lower temperatures than the primary buds. Of the red raspberries tested, Canby and Chilliwack had good primary bud hardiness in January and March. Primary buds of red raspberries were usually injured at warmer temperatures than secondary buds. Differential thermal analysis experiments were conducted on primary and secondary buds of Dirksen and Shawnee blackberry and Nordic and Reveille red raspberry at each test date to determine their freezing characteristics. The low temperature exotherms detected in primary buds of each cultivar were correlated with freezing injury, but their number seldom corresponded to the number of differentiated floral primordia. Low temperature exotherms were also detected in some of secondary buds of Dirksen and Reveille which contained differentiated floral primordia.Key words: Blackberries, raspberries, cold hardiness, differential thermal

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for Examining the Genomics Controlling Prickle Production in Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Archana Khadgi ◽  
Courtney A. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Association Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an expanding high-value berry crop worldwide. The presence of prickles, outgrowths of epidermal tissues lacking vasculature, on the canes, petioles, and undersides of leaves complicates both field management and harvest. The utilization of cultivars with fewer prickles or prickle-free canes simplifies production. A previously generated population segregating for prickles utilizing the s locus between the prickle-free cultivar Joan J (ss) and the prickled cultivar Caroline (Ss) was analyzed to identify the genomic region associated with prickle development in red raspberry. Genotype by sequencing (GBS) was combined with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) to analyze 8474 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identify significant markers associated with the prickle-free trait. A total of four SNPs were identified on chromosome 4 that were associated with the phenotype and were located near or in annotated genes. This study demonstrates how association genetics can be used to decipher the genetic control of important horticultural traits in Rubus, and provides valuable information about the genomic region and potential genes underlying the prickle-free trait.

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