scholarly journals Influence of Philazonit biopreparation on the mycobiome of soybean plants rhizosphere

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Alla Parfenuk ◽  
Liliia Havryliuk ◽  
Irina Beznosko ◽  
Larisa Pasichnіk ◽  
Yuliia Turovnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Flowering Phase ◽  
Microbial Complex ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere ◽  
Soybean Plants

The article presents the results of analysis of biodiversity and spatial-functional structure of the microbial complex in the soil rhizosphere, and development of ways to regulate the number of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere of soybean plants in organic production. Varieties of plants of soy were grown using the biopreparation "Philazonit", which was developed in the company "Philazonit of Ukraine". The study determined the effect of phylazonite biopreparation on the mycobiome of the rhizosphere of soybean plants. The interaction of plants of soy varieties Kent and Suzir’ja with phytopathogenic micromycetes in conditions of the organic production in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Research farm “Skvyrske” of Institute of Agroecology and Nature Management of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (IANM of the NAAS) was investigated. The number of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere of plants of different varieties of soy is determined depending on the variety and technology of its cultivation. It was established that the biopreparation Philazonit inhibits the formation of the number of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere of plants of the soy variety Suzir’ja and Kent during the growing season. It is proved that the representatives of genera: Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus are dominated in the rhizosphere of plants of soy of both varieties. In the rhizospheres of plants of the soy Suzir’ja variety the representatives of genus Penicillium (32.8%) most often occurred. The smallest number of micromycetes were members of the genus Aspergillus (9.5%). In the rhizosphere of plants of the Kent variety dominated by representatives of the genera Alternaria and Fusarium (35.6% and 34.1% respectively). Representatives of the genus Penicillium were 15% and Aspergillus – 15.3% It is proved noted that during the studies there was a correlation between the development of micromycetes and the hydrothermal coefficient – in the flowering phase (r=0.8) and in the ripening phase (r =0.9) except for the germination phase

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION THE MICROORGANISMS OF RHIZOSPHERE AGRICULTURAL PLANTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Iryna Beznosko ◽  
Tetyana Gorgan ◽  
Iryna Mosiychuk
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Agricultural Plants

During 2020, on the basis of stationary and temporary field experiments, which are located in the Skvуra Research Station of Organic Production of NAAS, Nosiv SDS and the Institute of Vegetable and Melon NAAS were studied quantitative composition of the soil micromycetes under different agricultural crops: winter wheat, spring barley and onion. The vegetation period in the Kyiv region was characterized by – sufficiently moist (HTC 1,7), and in Chernihiv and Kharkiv regions drought prevailed (HTC 0,6). Adverse weather conditions such as drought or waterlogging are crucial factors in changing the number of mycobiomes in the studied soils.Stationary field experiments in the selection Nosivka during the ontogenesis winter wheat characterized the greatest number pedatrophic and less number of amylolytic, cellulosolytic ecological-trophic groups. The stationary experiments field researches were also conducted in Skvyra Research Station of Organic Production. Where the rhizosphere soil under spring barley crops is characterized by a larger number of micromycetes, as well as amylolytic and cellulolytic ecological-trophic groups. Was determined the number of soil micromycetes the main ecological and trophic groups. The rhizosphere soil on the stationary field of the Institute of Vegetable and Melon NAAS during the ontogenesis of different varieties of onions characterized by high number cellulosolytic group of micromycetes, which despite the decrease in the hydrothermal coefficient increased by the end of the growing season of the culture.Therefore, the interaction between plants and micromycetes is a dynamic process in which the hydrothermal coefficient during the growing season, soil type, and the root system of agricultural plants, this influences the formation of soil mycobiome.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE SOWING STRUCTURE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF NORTHERN EKOTYPE SOYBEAN PLANTS AT DIFFERENT SOWING METHODS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA FOREST STEPPE

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Fadeeva ◽  
Tamara Abrosimova
Keyword(s):  
Humus Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Field Germination ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Maximum Field

The studies were carried out in order to study the effect of the row spacing on the formation of the structure and productivity of plants of the early maturing soybean of Milyausha variety. In a field experiment on gray forest soils with a weakly acidic reaction and a humus content of 3.21 ... 3.83%, two sowing methods were compared: continuous sowing with a distance between rows of 15 cm and a series of rows - 30 cm. In the conditions of Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan in dry years (2016, 2018), the duration of the growing season of the variety did not depend on the sowing methods and was 89 ... 91 days. With a moderate temperature regime and abundant precipitation (2017), with row sowing with a row spacing of 15 cm, it increased up to 105 days, in the variant with a row spacing of 30 cm - up to 109 days. An increase in the duration of the period from sowing to emergence of seedlings with a lack of heat led to a decrease in field germination according to the variants of the experiment to 70.0 ... 72.5%, plant survival - to 57.5 ... 66.0%. The maximum field germination in the experiment (95.0 and 85.0%), safety (98.2 and 94.1%) and plant survival (93.3 and 80.0%) were noted in 2018 with a high sum of air temperatures above 10 ° C and moderate moisture (total precipitation 102 mm) during the growing season. In the variant with a row spacing of 30 cm, the mass of seeds per plant in arid conditions was higher than with continuous sowing, by 2.2 ... 2.7, and in conditions of excessive moisture - by 1.7 times. An increase in the mass of seeds provided an increase in branching, the number of beans and seeds per plant. In terms of productivity and yield per unit area, there were no significant differences between the options for sowing methods. The maximum realization of the potential of productivity (289.1 and 314.7 g / m2) and yield (2.78 and 2.81 t / ha) in the experiment was achieved with the duration of the growing season 105 and 109 days (2017)

VARIABILITY OF SPRING SOFT WHEAT PLANT HEIGHT IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION FOREST-STEPPE CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Taranova ◽  
Е. А. Demina ◽  
А. I. Kincharov ◽  
O. S. Mullayanova ◽  
K. Yu. Chekmasova
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Spring Soft Wheat ◽  
Middle Volga

The results of the study of 250 collection samples of spring soft wheat of various ecological and geographical groups are presented in order to identify the source material that combines optimal plant height and high productivity for the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region. The work was carried out in 2017–2020 in the Samara region. The study and evaluation of samples was carried out according to the Methodology of the state variety testing and the methodological recommendations of the VIR. The average height of plants in the samples over the years of research varied within 68.5-109.2 cm, the coefficient of variation of the trait was 11.86-13.72 %. The presence of a positive average and weak correlation between the yield and plant height, regardless of the moisture conditions of the year (r = 0.15-0.47), was revealed. A strong positive relationship was observed between the height of the samples and the following weather factors: precipitation in June (r = 0.94), precipitation during the growing season (r = 0.87), hydrothermal coefficient of June (r = 0.93), hydrothermal coefficient for the growing season (r = 0.83). The highest grain yield was formed by samples from the group of undersized and medium-grown, on average 416 and 428 g/m2, respectively. A number of highly productive varieties were identified: 3 medium-grown samples (105 cm) with a yield of 419.7-435.7 g/m2 and 21 undersized samples (85-102 cm) with an average grain yield of 485.0-585.7 g/m2. Dwarf specimens sample a stable manifestation of short-stemmed growth over the years and high resistance to lodging were noted. According to the research results, it was found that the optimal height of plants for the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region is in the range of 85-105 cm. The selected undersized and medium-grown samples with high grain yield and dwarf samples with high resistance to lodging are recommended for use in breeding programs of the region and places with similar conditions.

scholarly journals The content of carotenoids in the fruits of sea buckthorn in the forest-steppe zone of Altai Krai

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 011-014
Author(s):  
I. A. Kondrateva ◽  
I. D. Borodulina ◽  
Y. A. Zubarev
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Sea Buckthorn ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient

The paper presents the results of a quantitative study of carotenoids in the fruits of sea buckthorn in 2018.The range of variability of feature with its degree of variation is revealed. Hybrids with high carotenoid content wereidentified. A correlation analysis was performed to determine the value of connection between the number of carotenoidsand the hydrothermal coefficient of the growing season.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS OF THE GROWING SEASON ON THE YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE OB RIVER REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
I. N. Sharkov ◽  
S. A. Kolbin
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
June July ◽  
Selyaninov Hydrothermal Coefficient

The purpose of the study is to identify the dependence of spring wheat productivity on agrometeorological indicators of the vegetation period at various levels of nitrogen nutrition in the central forest-steppe of the Ob Region. Wheat of medium early varieties was grown in a wheat-barley crop rotation at doses N0, N30, N60 and N90 against the background of a full range of plant protection products. The correlation between wheat productivity and agrometeorological indicators was evaluated based on the results of 13 years of research. To characterize the hydrothermal conditions, we used the reserve of productive moisture in the soil, the amount of precipitation and air temperature, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient , and the Ponko wetting coefficient. Over the years, grain yield varied from 7.2 to 43.6 kg / ha, Selyaninov coefficient - from 0.18 to 1.67. The highest correlation coefficients (0.7–0.8) were obtained between wheat productivity and indicators of hydrothermal conditions in June - July. Moreover, with the amount of precipitation of this period, the dependence was positive, with air temperature - negative. No reliable relationship was found between grain yield and spring stock of productive moisture in the soil. The tightness of the relationship between wheat productivity and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient and Ponko hydration coefficient was the same, with the highest correlation coefficients also obtained for June – July. The increase in wheat grain from nitrogen fertilizer increased significantly as the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season improved. Based on the obtained values   of the fertilizer nitrogen payback by increasing the crop, it was concluded that the current price ratio - the sale of grain by the farms and their purchase of nitrogen fertilizers (approximately 1:7) is unfavorable for the development of intensive crop cultivation technologies.

Irrigation regime and water consumption of potatoes in the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the reclamation condition of lands

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Guzel Gumerova ◽  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Dmitry Kucher ◽  
Anatoly Shuravilin ◽  
Elena Piven
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Irrigated Lands ◽  
The Republic

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.

YIELD OF CORN HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Polyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Field Calculation ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Fertilizer System

The article presents the results of research on the formation of corn yield for grain depending on the elements of cultivation technology in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The goal of the research was to identify the influence of plant density and fertilizer system on the yield of corn hybrids for grain. The research was conducted during 2017-2019 in the research field of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University (Bila Tserkva NAU). Research methods: field, calculation and statistical. Results. Regularities of growth, development and formation of yield by plants are revealed, both in concrete conditions of years of researches, and taking into account average long-term values taking into account features of hybrid-oriented technology. According to the results of the experiment it was recorded that the maximum yields for growing early-maturing maize hybrid DN PIVYHA with FAO 180 in general were obtained at a pre-harvest density of 75 thousand units/ha and the use of combined organo-mineral fertilizer system - 11.09 t/ha; medium-early maize hybrid DN ORLYK, FAO 280 in general in the experiment provided a grain yield of 9.60 t/ha, and in terms of 2017 - 7.86 t/ha, in 2018 - 11.22 t/ha and in 2019 - 9, 72 t/ha, but the medium-ripe hybrid of corn DN SARMAT, FAO 380 provided a grain yield of 10.81 t/ha, and in the context of 2017 - 9.31 t/ha, in 2018 - 11.68 t/ha and in 2019 - 11.44 t/ha. Significant influence on the formation of the yield of corn has a hybrid factor (27 %), fertilizer system determines the level of productivity by 21 % and interacts closely with the conditions of the growing season (factor BV 9 %), growing season conditions also determine the level of productivity of corn plants (19 %), and the pre-harvest density determines this feature by 18 %. Conclusions: In the conditions of the Right Bank part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine there is an increase in the level of productivity of maize hybrids from early to medium-ripe hybrids, regardless of the influence of other experimental factors.

scholarly journals Modelling the productivity of Siberian larch forests from Landsat NDVI time series in fragmented forest stands of the Mongolian forest-steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Erasmi ◽  
Michael Klinge ◽  
Choimaa Dulamsuren ◽  
Florian Schneider ◽  
Markus Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Fragmented Forest ◽  
Southern Fringe

AbstractThe monitoring of the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation productivity is important in the context of carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems from the atmosphere. The accessibility of the full archive of medium-resolution earth observation data for multiple decades dramatically improved the potential of remote sensing to support global climate change and terrestrial carbon cycle studies. We investigated a dense time series of multi-sensor Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data at the southern fringe of the boreal forests in the Mongolian forest-steppe with regard to the ability to capture the annual variability in radial stemwood increment and thus forest productivity. Forest productivity was assessed from dendrochronological series of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) from 15 plots in forest patches of different ages and stand sizes. The results revealed a strong correlation between the maximum growing season NDVI of forest sites and tree ring width over an observation period of 20 years. This relationship was independent of the forest stand size and of the landscape’s forest-to-grassland ratio. We conclude from the consistent findings of our case study that the maximum growing season NDVI can be used for retrospective modelling of forest productivity over larger areas. The usefulness of grassland NDVI as a proxy for forest NDVI to monitor forest productivity in semi-arid areas could only partially be confirmed. Spatial and temporal inconsistencies between forest and grassland NDVI are a consequence of different physiological and ecological vegetation properties. Due to coarse spatial resolution of available satellite data, previous studies were not able to account for small-scaled land-cover patches like fragmented forest in the forest-steppe. Landsat satellite-time series were able to separate those effects and thus may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of global climate change on natural ecosystems.

CHANGES IN THE HYDROTHERMAL COEFFICIENT AND IN THE FREQUENCY OF EXTREME HUMIDIFICATION CONDITIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS DURING CLIMATE WARMING

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Yuliya A. Brovka ◽  
Ivan V. Buyakov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Spatial Change ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Heat And Moisture

It is important to study the heat and moisture supply of the territory under climate warming conditions in Belarus since 1989, as well as changes in the occurrence frequency of extreme moisture conditions. The features of the spatial change in the averaged hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) for the period of climate warming (1989–2019) and the colder period preceding it (1960–1988) in the months of the growing season were revealed based on the maps constructed by interpolation. A decrease in the aridity of conditions in May and September in the southeast and east of the country, an increase in aridity in June and August (especially in the southern regions), an increase in the area with excessive moisture in July and its decrease in September were defined. The article shows the features of changes in the frequency of droughts (HTC ≤ 0,7), less arid conditions (HTC = 0,71–1,0) and excessive moisture (HTC > 1,6) from May to September in 1989–2019, according to compared with the period 1960–1988. It was found that during the period of climate warming from May to September, there is a significant increase in the droughts frequency at meteorological stations in various regions of Belarus. A decrease in the number of years with drought in May and June is observed at several eastern and southern meteorological stations, in August – at the Zhitkovichi meteorological station, in September – at the Kostyukovichi meteorological station. The frequency of arid conditions in May, July and September decreases at many meteorological stations, and its changes are characterized by territorial heterogeneity. An increase in the number of years with less arid conditions is observed in most of Belarus in June and August. A significant increase in the frequency of excessive moisture was noted in July in most of the territory of Belarus, in May – in some regions. A decrease in the frequency of excessive moisture is observed at many meteorological stations in June and August; the number of years with excessive moisture increases only in the northern region. Spatial heterogeneity and less pronounced changes in the frequency of excessive moisture are noted in September.

Soybean production potential under crop rotation in the central forest-steppe of Trans-Urals

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Ю.В. Суркова ◽  
И.Н. Цымбаленко ◽  
С.Д. Гилев
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Представлена комплексная оценка эффективности диверсификации севооборотов, а также способов обработки почвы и влияния азотных удобрений при возделывании сои в условиях засушливого климата центральной лесостепной зоны Зауралья. По результатам исследований, проведённых в 2010–2020 годах в Курганском НИИСХ – филиале УрФАНИЦ УрО РАН, установлено влияние гидротермических условий региона и агротехнических приёмов на формирование урожайности сои. В острозасушливые годы с гидротермическим коэффициентом 0,3–0,6 урожайность сои снижалась наполовину по сравнению с благоприятными по тепло- и влагообеспеченности периодами (ГТК — 1,1–1,2). На фоне удобрений и надёжной системы защиты посевов сои от сорных растений менее затратная поверхностная обработка по урожайности не уступала вспашке. Минеральный азот в дозе N30 на фоне средней обеспеченности почвы подвижным фосфором в острозасушливые годы обеспечил прибавку зерна сои 0,28 т/га, в благоприятные по условиям увлажнения годы прибавка от применения N30 увеличилась до 0,43 т/га. Диверсификация традиционного четырёхпольного зернопарового севооборота путём замены пшеничного поля посевами сои обеспечила повышение продуктивности, улучшение качества продукции и экономических показателей. Рентабельность производства продукции с севооборотной площади в вариантах с ресурсосберегающей поверхностной обработкой выросла до 110% без удобрений и до 117% — на фоне N30 против 49 и 66% в зернопаровом севообороте. В результате многолетних исследований в контрастных погодных условиях установлено, что производство сои в полевом севообороте в центральной лесостепной зоне Зауралья рентабельно даже в острозасушливые годы. При низком уровне урожайности (0,50–0,70 т/га) рентабельность составляет 30–50%. В благоприятные годы ресурсы зауральского климата позволяют получать урожайность сои на уровне 1,40–1,80 т/га. При этом рентабельность повышается до 220%. The report deals with the optimization of a rotation system as well as the effect of tillage and nitrogen fertilizers on soybean productivity under the drought of the central forest-steppe in Trans-Urals. The investigation was conducted at the Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture in 2010–2020. The aim was to test the effect of tillage, moisture and temperature on soybean yield. Drought (hydrothermal coefficient of 0.3–0.6) reduced soybean productivity by 50% in comparison to favorable conditions (hydrothermal coefficient of 1.1–1.2). Less expensive surface tillage was as effective as plowing under fertilization and weed control. In dry years application of N30 increased grain yield by 0.28 t ha-1 under medium content of soluble P. Under favorable conditions the increase amounted to 0.43 t ha-1. Substitution of wheat with soybean in the conventional four-field crop rotation system resulted in higher crop productivity, yield quality and economic effectiveness. Payback raised up to 110% under surface tillage and no fertilization and 117% — on the background of N30 versus 49 and 66% obtained under fallow and grain crop rotation. Soybean production was cost-effective even under drought. Low soybean yield (0.50–0.70 t ha-1) resulted in profitability of 30–50%. Favorable conditions of the region provided soybean yield of 1.40–1.80 t ha-1, increasing profitability up to 220%.

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