scholarly journals Category of negation paradigm in diachrony

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Pasichnyk ◽  
Nataliia Hotsa ◽  
Anna Kosenko ◽  
Olga Plavutska ◽  
Ihor Bloshchynskyi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Negative Sentence ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Different Levels

The negation in logic and linguistics, negation as a grammatical category on the morphological and syntactic levels are substantiated in the article. It is concluded that in broad semantic terms negation can be expressed in morphologic and syntactic ways in natural language. On the morphological level negative affixes paradigm and separate parts of speech are taken into consideration, while on the syntactic level the whole negative sentence that includes one or more than one negator is observed. Negation is expressed by means of affixes that have explicative and implicative components in their meaning. Authentic affixes preserve the semantic meaning of the words they etymologically derive from, giving the word they join to, a special shade of negation. The main source of enrichment of the negative affixes paradigm and their new meaning are affixes borrowed from other languages. The study of the category of negation on different levels in diachronic aspect can help to observe the development of particular parts of speech, which can express negation, and serve as a base for further studies of negation in the different discourses and communicative situations.

scholarly journals On derivatives

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Content ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

The question of derivates has been repeatedly raised in the teaching processes of language grammar and general linguistics. This circumstance became the basis for creating this short article. It is well known that a word-form can be changeable or unchangeable, and this fact is determined by the parts of speech. Form-changing words can undergo two types of change: inflectional and derivative. During the inflectional change, the form of the word changes, but the lexical and semantic aspects of the word do not change, i.e. its semantic and content data do not change. A classic example of this type of change is flexion of nouns.Derivation is the formation of a word from another word by the addition of non-inflectional affixes. Derivation can be of two types. The first is lexical derivation, in which the derivative affix produces a word with a different lexical content. A word-form can be another part of speech or the same part of speech but with a different lexical content. The second type of derivation is, first of all, grammatical derivation, when grammatical categories are produced. The grammatical category in general (and a word-form in general as well) includes the unity of morphological and semantical aspects. There is no separate semantics without morphology. Any semantic category and/or content must be conveyed in a specific form, so only a specific form has a specific morphosemantics, which can be produced by the grammatical derivatives. The main difference between the two types of derivation mentioned above (and therefore between the two types of derivatives) is the levels of the language hierarchy. The first type of affixes works at the lexical level of the language, while the second type derivatives produce forms at the morphological and semantic levels. The second type derivatives are inter-level affixes, because they act on two hierarchical levels. Any grammatical category includes specific morphosemantic oppositional forms. Thus, unlike inflectional affixes, the rest of the morphological affixes are all other types of inter-level derivatives. It should be noted that the preverb in Kartvelian languages ​​is the only linguistic unit with all possible functions of affix. DOWNLOADS

Keymorph analysis, or how morphosyntax informs discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Fidler ◽  
Václav Cvrček
Keyword(s):  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Keyword Analysis ◽  
Ideological Differences ◽  
Semantic Associations ◽  
Case Number ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Perception Of Situations

Abstract This paper introduces keymorph analysis (KMA), a new extension of the discourse-probing technique of keyword analysis (KWA). While KWA focuses on lexicon and provides a key predominantly to textual topics and their semantic associations, KMA focuses on morphosyntactic features and captures more general characteristics of texts as wholes. Speeches by Czech(oslovak) presidents and corpus of contemporary written Czech SYN2015 are used to illustrate readers’ perception of situations and their participants in these texts. The paper also shows that different levels of morphosyntax facilitate interpretation of discourse: ideological differences can be observed with higher-level morphosyntactic features (parts of speech), while differences in speaker style are observable with lower-level morphosyntactic features (case, number, person, and their combinations).

Negation

2019 ◽  
pp. 194-207
Author(s):  
Ye Tian ◽  
Richard Breheny
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Semantic Function ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Positive Argument ◽  
The Asymmetry

Negation has long been of interest to logicians and philosophers, and relatively recently to psycholinguists and pragmatists. In terms of the processing of negation, psycholinguistics studies have shown two effects that call for an explanation: the first is the asymmetry between its frequent use in natural language and its apparent processing costs, often reported in psycholinguistics studies; the second is the finding that, in early stages of processing, negation seems to be ignored and attention seems to be focused on its positive argument. In terms of pragmatic functions, it has been shown that despite its simple semantic meaning, negation interacts with context to produce rich pragmatic effects. Both negation processing and its pragmatic functions present puzzles that cannot be explained by its semantic function.

A SMS normalization system integrating multiple grammatical resources

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. OLIVA ◽  
J. I. SERRANO ◽  
M. D. DEL CASTILLO ◽  
Á. IGESIAS
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractSMS language presents special phenomena and important deviations from natural language. Every day, an impressive amount of chat messages, SMS messages, and e-mails are sent all over the world. This widespread use makes important the development of systems that normalize SMS language into natural language. However, typical machine translation approaches are difficult to adapt to SMS language because of many irregularities that are shown by this kind of language. This paper presents a new approach for SMS normalization that combines lexical and phonological translation techniques with disambiguation algorithms at two different levels: lexical and semantic. The method proposed does not depend on big annotated corpus, which is difficult to build and is applied in two different domains showing its easiness of adaptation across different languages and domains. The results obtained by the system outperform some of the existing methods of SMS normalization despite the fact that the Spanish language and the corpus created have some features that complicate the normalization task.

Text Analysis of Assembly Work Instructions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Sharan Renu ◽  
Gregory Mocko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Assembly Work ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
Speech Tagging

The objective of this research is to investigate the requirements and performance of parts-of-speech tagging of assembly work instructions. Natural Language Processing of assembly work instructions is required to perform data mining with the objective of knowledge reuse. Assembly work instructions are key process engineering elements that allow for predictable assembly quality of products and predictable assembly lead times. Authoring of assembly work instructions is a subjective process. It has been observed that most assembly work instructions are not grammatically complete sentences. It is hypothesized that this can lead to false parts-of-speech tagging (by Natural Language Processing tools). To test this hypothesis, two parts-of-speech taggers are used to tag 500 assembly work instructions (obtained from the automotive industry). The first parts-of-speech tagger is obtained from Natural Language Processing Toolkit (nltk.org) and the second parts-of-speech tagger is obtained from Stanford Natural Language Processing Group (nlp.stanford.edu). For each of these taggers, two experiments are conducted. In the first experiment, the assembly work instructions are input to the each tagger in raw form. In the second experiment, the assembly work instructions are preprocessed to make them grammatically complete, and then input to the tagger. It is found that the Stanford Natural Language Processing tagger with the preprocessed assembly work instructions produced the least number of false parts-of-speech tags.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF PARSING METHODS FOR THE ANALISYS OF A NATURAL LANGUAGE SENTENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N SAK ◽  
◽  
E.V BESSONOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Translation Systems

When constructing machine translation systems, an important task is to represent data using graphs, where words act as vertices, and relations between words in a sentence act as edges. One of these tasks at the first stage of the analysis is the classification of words as parts of speech, and at the next stage of the analysis to determine the belonging of words to the sentence members’ classes. The article discusses methods of parsing both on the basis of rules determined in advance by means of traditional object-oriented programming, and on the basis of analysis by means of graph convolutional neural networks with their subsequent training. Online dictionaries act as a thesaurus.

scholarly journals Natural Language to SQL query Generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 5069-5072
Author(s):  
Kiran Raj R
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
English Language ◽  
Regular Expression ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Query Generation ◽  
Sql Query ◽  
Speech Tagging ◽  
The Web

Today, everyone has a personal device to access the web. Every user tries to access the knowledge that they require through internet. Most of the knowledge is within the sort of a database. A user with limited knowledge of database will have difficulty in accessing the data in the database. Hence, there’s a requirement for a system that permits the users to access the knowledge within the database. The proposed method is to develop a system where the input be a natural language and receive an SQL query which is used to access the database and retrieve the information with ease. Tokenization, parts-of-speech tagging, lemmatization, parsing and mapping are the steps involved in the process. The project proposed would give a view of using of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and mapping the query in accordance with regular expression in English language to SQL.

scholarly journals ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASES IN THE OSSETIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Р.Г. ЦОПАНОВА ◽  
Э. ЧАНГИЗИ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Common ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Different Levels

Цель данного исследования – определить сходство и различия в образовании атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что словосочетания в осетинском языке не исследовались в сравнении с аналогичными синтаксическими единицами в персидском языке.Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что сопоставительное изучение особенностей атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках даст возможность охарактеризовать общее и различное в этих языках в области синтаксиса словосочетания, что будет способствовать при необходимости лучшему изучению и исследованию этих языков в области синтаксиса, послужит также развитию межкультурной коммуникации осетин и иранцев, с которыми сейчас у осетин намечаются тесные культурные связи. Атрибутивные словосочетания в персидском языке чаще всего образуются на основе изафета, в ряде случаев используются послелог -ра и примыкание. В осетинском языке определение традиционно стоит перед определяемым словом и бывает выражено всеми знаменательными частями речи и связывается с ним падежными формами, существительными с несколькими послелогами, порядком слов. Для осетинского языка не характерна инверсия определения, но она возможна при его обособлении и изменении семантико-структурных и стилистических отношений между определением и определяемым словом. Инверсия определения не была чужда древнеперсидскому языку, а также языку скифов и алан, с которыми у осетин общее происхождение, на что указывает, помимо многих других свидетельств, лингвистическое единство этих языков на разных уровнях языковых структур. The purpose of this study is to determine the similarities and differences in the formation of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages. The novelty of the study lies in the fact, that phrases in the Ossetian language have not been studied in comparison with similar syntactic units in the Persian language. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that a comparative study of the features of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages will make it possible to characterize the common and different phrases in these languages in the field of syntax, which will contribute, if necessary, to a better study and research of these languages in the field of syntax, will also serve the development of intercultural communication of the Ossetians and the Iranians, with whom the Ossetians are now developing close cultural ties. Attributive phrases in the Persian language are most often formed on the basis of an isafet, in some cases postposition ‘ra’ and adjunctions are used. In the Ossetian language, the definition traditionally stands before the word being defined and is expressed by all significant parts of speech and is associated with it by case forms, nouns with several postpositions, word order. The inversion of the attribute is not typical for the Ossetian language, but it is possible with its isolation and change of semantic-structural and stylistic relations between the attribute and the word it attributes. The inversion of the attribute was not alien to the ancient Persian language, as well as to the language of the Scythians and Alans, with whom the Ossetians have common origin, which is indicated, among many other evidence, by the linguistic unity of these languages at different levels of linguistic structures.

scholarly journals Linguistic Means of Evaluation of Quantity in Texts Containing Numerical Lexemes

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01115
Author(s):  
Natalia Kim ◽  
Andrey Narushevich
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Combine Evaluation ◽  
Primary Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Linguistic Means

This article is devoted to the analysis of linguistic means of explicating evaluation in utterances containing numerals. The evaluation of certain amounts and numbers can be encountered at all levels of linguistic expression. It is shown that both quantitative and axiological evaluation of a certain number or amount, expressed by a numeral, can be verbalized at the surface level of the semantic structure of the utterance with either stylistically colored or neutral lexemes that belong to different parts of speech. Stylistically colored lexemes often combine evaluation semes (such as “a lot” and “bad”). The evaluation of a certain number expressed by a numeral with the primary meaning can be detected as a hidden presupposition and / or communicative meaning of a statement including a numerical lexeme. Pragmatic factors that determine the evaluation are considered. It is noted that in speech, explicit and implicit ways of expressing evaluation can be combined, which leads to an “amplification” of the evaluation and is manifested in the simultaneous use of linguistic units of different levels.

Understanding Romanian Texts by Using Gamification Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Ștefania-Eliza Berghia ◽  
Bogdan Pahomi ◽  
Daniel Volovici
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Social Choice Theory ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Automatic Translation ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Syntactic Function

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increasing interest in the field of natural language processing. Determining which syntactic function is right for a specific word is an important task in this field, being useful for a variety of applications like understanding texts, automatic translation and question-answering applications and even in e-learning systems. In the Romanian language, this is an even harder task because of the complexity of the grammar. The present paper falls within the field of “Natural Language Processing”, but it also blends with other concepts such as “Gamification”, “Social Choice Theory” and “Wisdom of the Crowd”. There are two main purposes for developing the application in this paper:a) For students to have at their disposal some support through which they can deepen their knowledge about the syntactic functions of the parts of speech, a knowledge that they have accumulated during the teaching hours at schoolb) For collecting data about how the students make their choices, how do they know which grammar role is correct for a specific word, these data being primordial for replicating the learning process

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