Models with the ω-property

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Kossak
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
Order Type ◽  
Countable Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recursive Saturation ◽  
Saturated Models ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
To Come ◽  
Recursively Saturated

In [KP] we have studied the problem of determining when a subset of a (countable) model M of PA can be coded in an elementary end extension of M. Sets with this property are called elementary extensional. In particular we can ask whether there are elementary extensional subsets of a model which have order type ω. It turns out that having elementary extensional subsets of order type ω is an interesting property connected with other structural properties of models of PA. We will call this property the ω-property. In [KP] the problem of characterizing models with the ω-property was left open. It is still open, and the aim of this paper is to present a collection of results pertaining to it. It should be mentioned that the same notion was studied by Kaufmann and Schmerl in [KS2] in connection with some weak notions of saturation which they discuss there. Our notion of a model with the ω-property corresponds to the notion of an upward monotonically ω-lofty cut.It is fairly easy to see that countable recursively saturated models (or in fact all recursively saturated models with cofinality ω) and all short recursively saturated models have the ω-property (Proposition 1.2 below). On the other hand, if we had asked the question about the existence of models with the ω-property before 1975 (when recursively saturated models were introduced) the answer would probably not have been that easy and we would have to come to notions close to recursive saturation.

scholarly journals The Complexity of Classification Problems for Models of Arithmetic

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Coskey ◽  
Roman Kossak
Keyword(s):  
Classification Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Saturated Model ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Finitely Generated ◽  
Saturated Models ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Recursively Saturated ◽  
Recursively Saturated Model ◽  
Models Of Arithmetic

AbstractWe observe that the classification problem for countable models of arithmetic is Borel complete. On the other hand, the classification problems for finitely generated models of arithmetic and for recursively saturated models of arithmetic are Borel; we investigate the precise complexity of each of these. Finally, we show that the classification problem for pairs of recursively saturated models and for automorphisms of a fixed recursively saturated model are Borel complete.

The life assurance controversy

1853 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-219
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
To Come ◽  
State Of Affairs

It was hardly to be expected but that an attempt to demonstrate the inconveniences arising from daily increasing competition in the business of life assurance should meet with resistance and reprobation. The large number of persons interested in novel undertakings of the character in question would naturally feel themselves aggrieved at statements which went to prove that such undertakings were mischievous because they could not be successful, and which sought to demonstrate their hopelessness of success by an expose of their actual condition; on the other hand, it is not much to be wondered at, that minds familiar only with a state of affairs so wholly different should regard with anxiety and alarm a succession of enterprises threatening not merely to encroach on their own field of operation, but, by a series of failures, to bring all alike into general suspicion and discredit. As in most other controversies, much allowance is to be made on either side. The interests of the two parties are probably not altogether antagonistic, but they can scarcely fail to come into serious collision unless placed under more carefully devised regulations than at present exist.

Nancian virtual doubts about ‘Leformal’ democracy

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 999-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignaas Devisch
Keyword(s):  
Specific Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Global Democracy ◽  
Claude Lefort ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many

French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy is acting uneasily when it comes to contemporary politics. There is a sort of agitation in his work in relation to this question. At several places we read an appeal to deal thoroughly with this question and ‘ qu’il y a un travail à faire’, that there is still work to do. From the beginning of the 1980s with the ‘Centre de Recherches Philosophiques sur le Politique’ and the two books resulting out of that, until the many, rather short texts he published on this topic during the last years of the century, the question of politics crosses very clearly Nancy’s work. He not only fulminates against the contemporary philosophical ‘content’ with democracy. Instead of defending a political regime, he wants to think the form of politics in the most critical and sceptical way. To Nancy, the worst thing we can do in thinking contemporary politics, is taking it for granted that we know what politics is about today, given the evidence of the global democracy. So to him, we almost have to be at unease when it comes to politics. On the other hand, in thinking contemporary democracy, the work of Claude Lefort is undeniably the main reference. Long before the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the upsurge of an all-too-easy anti-Marxism, Lefort articulated in a nuanced way the formal differences between totalitarianism and democracy. According to Lefort, the specific ‘form’ of democracy is that it never becomes an accomplished and fulfilled form as such. In a certain sense, the only ‘form’ of democracy is formlessness, a form without form. In a democracy, the place of power becomes literally ‘ infigurable’ as Lefort says. Democracy stands for formlessness or the relation to a void. Nancy objects so to say against a ‘Leformal’ conception of democracy – the empty place, the formless, the ‘ infigurable’ or ‘ sans figure’, the ever yet to come. … This conception of democracy would still be caught in the infinite metaphysical, dialectical horizon of immanentism, while it pretends to have already left that horizon behind it, presenting itself as the finite alternative to the infinite totalitarian politics. Democracy as formlessness is indeed no longer based on a metaphysical Idea, Figure, or Truth. We want to clear up the philosophical sky of Nancy’s remarks by confronting them with some thoughts of Lefort.

Filosofia, politica e società ai tempi della pandemia. Agamben e la «paranoia della ragione»

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 617-642
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Chiro
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One

In this essay we will try to analyze the thought of the philosopher Giorgio Agamben on the pandemic. The aim of the work is twofold. On the one hand, we will try to demonstrate that Agamben’s positions on the pandemic are not to be understood as mere extemporaneous statements, but as integral parts of his philosophy. On the other hand, we will try to show how these positions are based on a deeply paranoid and anti-scientific vision, since Agamben believes that the effects of the epidemic have been exaggerated by the centers of power in order to create a “state of exception” that allows to crumble social life and to use the fear of poverty as a tool to dominate society. We will try to demonstrate that it is precisely starting from the critique of Agamben’s positions that it is possible to rethink a philosophy and a politic to come and a new reorganization of social and intimate relations between human beings.

completed machine would almost certainly be less than half that of a completed machine of the same kind. How s1(3) operates has been the subject of a detailed and critical analysis by Robert Goff J in the case of BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2), the defendant was granted a concession to explore for oil in Libya. He did not have the physical resources to carry out the exploration himself, so he sold a half share in the concession to BP, on condition that they would bear the initial cost of exploration. Accordingly, under this arrangement, BP’s expenses at the outset were likely to be very substantial, but on the assumption that oil was discovered, that expenditure would be recouped as oil continued to come on stream. The nature of the contract was that should oil not be discovered, the risk would be borne by BP, but, on the assumption that oil was discovered, BP’s expenses would be paid for out of the defendant’s receipts. Oil was discovered in 1967, but in 1971, the Libyan Government expropriated BP’s share of the concession and, in 1973, the defendant’s share was also expropriated. Accordingly, BP had received some payment, but this went only so far as to cover two-thirds of their initial expenditure. On the other hand, since the defendant had no expenses, all moneys received by him amounted to profit once the concession had been paid for. Goff J adopted a two stage approach to s1(3), stating that it was necessary first to identify and value what benefit had been conferred on the defendant, since on the wording of s1(3), this set a ceiling on the amount which could be awarded by way of a just sum. Secondly, it was necessary to award a just sum, taking account of the value of the benefit conferred and the cost to the performer of the work he had done prior to the frustrating event. For these purposes, the benefit to the defendant will be assessed by reference to the end product of the service provided by the other party: BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 783, p 799

1995 ◽  
pp. 388-392
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost

Etude histologique de la régénération pharyngienne de Syllis gracilis Grube (Annélide, Polychète)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boilly ◽  
N. Thibaut
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Transformation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
To Come ◽  
Anterior Regeneration ◽  
Radial Muscle

During anterior regeneration of Syllis gracilis Grube (Annelida, Polychaeta), the pharynx (pharyngeal sheath, proboscis, proventricle, and ventricle) completely regenerates. Most of the regenerated pharynx (pharyngeal sheath, proboscis, and proventricle) proceeds from direct transformation of the stomodeal invagination. On the other hand, the ventricle seems to come from both the posterior end of the regenerated proventricle (anterior part of the ventricle) and the intestine of the stump (posterior part of the ventricle corresponding to the ventricular coeca).Tile differentiation of the pharynx is precocious and mainly appears in a particular disposition, and a typical evolution of the cells of the mesodermal sheath surrounding the stomodeal invagination. Starting from the 11th day after amputation, the proventricle differs from the presumptive proboscis by a thick mesodermal sheath which forms the radial muscle cells, the transverse diaphragms, and the peritoneal epithelium. On the other hand, the differentiation of the ventricle comes later (17th day after the section was done).

The Politics of Robot Autonomy

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Burri
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Autonomous Weapons ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

The autonomy robots enjoy is understood in different ways. On the one hand, a technical understanding of autonomy is firmly anchored in the present and concerned with what can be achieved now by means of code and programming; on the other hand, a philosophical understanding of robot autonomy looks into the future and tries to anticipate how robots will evolve in the years to come. The two understandings are at odds at times, occasionally they even clash. However, not one of them is necessarily truer than the other. Each is driven by certain real-life factors; each rests on its own justification. This article discusses these two “views of robot autonomy” in depth and witnesses them at work at two of the most relevant events of robotics in recent times, namely the Darpa Robotics Challenge, which took place in California in June 2015, and the ongoing process to address lethal autonomous weapons in humanitarian Geneva, which is spurred on by a “Campaign to Stop Killer Robots”.

PROBLEMS IN HORACE, EPODE 11

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 673-681
Author(s):  
A.J. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
To Come

Fraenkel dismissed Epode 11 with the statement that it ‘is an elegant piece of writing, but there is little real life in it’. By this ambiguously expressed comment he did not mean that the poem fails to ‘come alive’, but that it is artificial: he saw the poem as little more than an assembly of themes and motifs which recur in other genres, especially epigram and elegy. This has also been the perspective of some other twentieth-century scholars: Georg Luck's self-styled ‘interpretation’ of the poem consists largely of a numbered list of thirteen motifs which the epode has in common with elegy and which in Luck's opinion were derived by Horace from Gallus. Alessandro Barchiesi, on the other hand, capitalizes on the perceived elegiac motifs in order to see the poem as a dynamic fusion of elegy and iambus. As for commentators, although older representatives seem to have regarded Epode 11 as generally self-explanatory, the poem receives increasing attention from Cavarzere, Mankin and Watson, the last of whom originally discussed some of its problems in a paper published twenty years earlier. Yet various problems still remain, and in this paper I propose to re-examine lines 1–6 and 15–18 in the hope that a clearer view of the epode as a whole may emerge.

Msplit and MP estimation. A wider range of robustness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Duchnowski ◽  
Zbigniew Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
The Other ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Excess Kurtosis ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
M Estimation

Msplit and MP estimations are new methods of assessing the parameters of functional models of geodetic observations. The first method assumes that each observation can be assigned to either of some functional models which differ from each other in competitive parameters. While the latter method is based on the assumption that distributions of measurement errors differ from the normal one in asymmetry and excess kurtosis. The theoretical properties indicate that both methods are also robust against outliers. However, the sense of robustness is a little wider than in the case of M-estimation. In Msplit estimation the outliers are treated as variables with competitive functional models (in relation to models of “good” observations) while robustness of MP estimation depends on the mentioned parameters of probabilistic models of observations. This paper shows that on one hand robustness is an interesting property of the methods in question, but on the other hand it broadens possible application of such estimation methods.

scholarly journals The Lukan Tradition of the Lord's Supper

1912 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-348
Author(s):  
Benjamin Wisner Bacon
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Lord's Supper ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Jesus ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
To Come

In its effort to determine the historic sense of the New Testament records, and thus to understand them genetically, modern criticism has developed no instrument more effective than the method of comparison. In former days the aim was harmonization, because the interpreter started with the assumption of a mechanical agreement among the witnesses. Today the aim is distinction, because mechanical coincidence is neither assumed nor desired. On the contrary the broader the contrast in point of view, the surer the ultimate inference. Stars so remote that they give no parallax, their rays seeming to come at precisely the same angle no matter from what point of the earth's orbit the observer takes his measurements, afford small hope of determining their real position. There must be difference of angle when the earth has swung round half its orbit, or there is no basis for measurement. Fortunately for the problem of the historical Jesus, the rays which come to us from him do not travel along precisely parallel lines. On the other hand the problem is enormously complicated by the process of mixture; for the testimony of one witness has visibly affected that of another, detracting from its independent value.

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