scholarly journals Effects of Harvest Aids on Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Drydown and Maturity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William James Grichar ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Derald Ray Langham
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Harvest Efficiency ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Low Rate

Harvest aids are traditionally used to desiccate weeds to improve crop quality and harvest efficiency. Field studies were conducted in Texas to determine the effect of harvest aids (glyphosate, diquat-dibromide, glufosinate-ammonium, and carfentrazone-ethyl) on sesame drydown and yield. The objective was to identify one or more harvest aids that could (1) accelerate drydown, (2) burn-down green weeds, (3) even up a field with varying levels of drydown, (4) stop regrowth, (5) stop vivipary, and (6) prepare to plant a new crop. Other than diquat-dibromide, the herbicides were chosen based on the effect on weeds in other crops. The plan was to apply the herbicides 1 week before physiological maturity (PM), at PM, and 1 week after PM. However, sesame maturity is very sensitive to ground moisture, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. The weather was different in all trials and some stages could not be completed. In two cases, the trials had to be abandoned; however, certain patterns emerged. All the herbicides accelerated drydown compared to the untreated check. Diquat-dibromide and glufosinate-ammonium dried sesame faster than glyphosate and carfentrazone-ethyl. The higher rates of the herbicide dried down the sesame faster than the low rate. Although there were some differences in yields across the three application periods, there was no consistent pattern.

‘Olathe’ Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Response to Postemergence Imazethapyr and Bentazon

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy A. Bauer ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Pinto Bean ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Dry bean producers have limited postemergence broadleaf weed control options. The purpose of this research was to determine whether bentazon increased dry edible bean tolerance to postemergence imazethapyr applications. Imazethapyr and bentazon were applied with a petroleum oil adjuvant to ‘Olathe’ pinto bean in the field and greenhouse. Imazethapyr injured pinto bean 7 DAT in the field and greenhouse. Chlorophyllacontent, a quantitative measure of bean chlorosis, decreased compared to the untreated control following imazethapyr application. When 840 g ha−1of bentazon was tank-mixed with 53 g ha−1of imazethapyr, bean injury decreased and chlorophyllaincreased compared to imazethapyr alone. Fifty three g ha−1of imazethapyr delayed physiological maturity by 8 and 15 d compared to the untreated control in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Pinto bean seed yields were not reduced compared to the untreated control. When 840 g ha−1of bentazon was tank-mixed with 53 g ha−1of imazethapyr, maturity was not delayed.14C-Imazethapyr absorption decreased by more than 40% and translocation of14C from the treated leaf decreased by more than 50% when14C-imazethapyr was tank-mixed with bentazon compared to14C-imazethapyr alone. The addition of 20 mM Na-acetate inhibited absorption of14C-imazethapyr, but did not inhibit translocation of14C. The decreased absorption and translocation of imazethapyr when tank-mixed with bentazon likely accounts for the safening effect observed in greenhouse and field studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Synthetic Pyrethroids, Bidrin, and Fipronil for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1997

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-246
Author(s):  
T. G. Teague ◽  
N. P. Tugwell
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Experiment Station ◽  
Untreated Check

Abstract Field studies were conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR to evaluate the late-season control of TPB. Cotton was planted 12 May in 8-row (38-inch centers) wide by 70-ft-long plots with 10-ft alleys and separated by a 6.5-ft non-planted buffer. The treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 14 Aug using a 8-row CO2-charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 VS nozzles on 19-inch spacing. The numbers of TPB nymphs and adults per plot were estimated 4 DAT using 24 sweeps with one 18-inch net. Numbers of TPB 4 DAT were significantly reduced in all plots sprayed with insecticides compared with the untreated check. Control with the CS formu-lation of Karate was reduced compared with the EC formulation.

scholarly journals Response of Sesame to Selected Herbicides Applied Early in the Growing Season

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Jack J. Rose ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd A. Baughman ◽  
D. Ray Langham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of sesame to PRE and POST applications of soil residual herbicides. PRE applications of acetochlor andS-metolachlor at 1.26 and 1.43 kg ai·ha−1showed little or no sesame injury (0 to 1%) 4 wks after herbicide treatments (WAT). POST treatments of acetochlor and trifluralin made 3 wks after planting (WAP) resulted in greater sesame injury (40%) compared to applications at bloom (18%). Field studies were conducted in Texas and Oklahoma during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to determine sesame response to clethodim, diuron, fluometuron, ethalfluralin, quizalofop-P, pendimethalin, pyroxasulfone, trifluralin, and trifloxysulfuron-sodium applied 2, 3, or 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Late-season sesame injury with the dinitroaniline herbicides consisted of a proliferation of primary branching at the upper nodes of the sesame plant (in the shape/form of a broom). Ethalfluralin and trifluralin caused more “brooming” effect than pendimethalin. Some yield reductions were noted with the dinitroaniline herbicides. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium caused the greatest injury (up to 97%) and resulted in yield reductions from the untreated check. Early-season diuron injury (leaf chlorosis and necrosis) decreased as application timing was delayed, and late-season injury was virtually nonexistent with only slight chlorosis (<4%) still apparent on the lower leaves. Sesame yield was not consistently affected by the diuron treatments. Fluometuron caused early-season injury (stunting/chlorosis), and a reduction of yield was observed at one location. Pyroxasulfone applied 2 WAP caused up to 25% sesame injury (stunting) but did not result in a yield reduction. Quizalofop-P caused slight injury (<5%) and no reduction in yield.

The influence of temperature and relative humidity on the efficacy of glufosinate-ammonium

Weed Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
C. J. SWANTON ◽  
J. C. HALL ◽  
B. G. MERSEY
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium

Influence of Herbicides and Timing of Application on Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Ac 263,222

Field studies were conducted from 1992 through 1994 to evaluate application timing of seven postemergence (POST) broadleaf herbicides alone and in mixtures for control of eclipta and pitted morningglory. Imazethapyr and 2,4-DB did not control eclipta while AC 263,222 applied early postemergence (EPOST) at 0.07 kg/ha provided greater than 90% control in 2 of 3 yr. EPOST applications of bentazon, acifluorfen + bentazon, and pyridate controlled eclipta at least 92% all 3 yr. Lactofen applied EPOST at 0.28 kg/ha provided similar levels of eclipta control in 2 of 3 yr. Imazethapyr controlled pitted morningglory > 70% when applied EPOST. AC 263,222 controlled pitted morningglory a minimum of 83% when applied EPOST at 0.04 or 0.07 kg/ha. Pitted morningglory control was at least 85% with 2,4-DB applied alone or in a mixture with AC 263,222, acifluorfen, imazethapyr, lactofen, or pyridate. Effective weed control increased peanut yields up to 98% over the untreated check.

Herbicide Systems for Golden Crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) Control in Peanut1

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
D. C. Sestak
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Verbesina Encelioides ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Abstract Field studies were conducted in south Texas in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate various soil-applied herbicides alone and in combination with postemergence herbicides for golden crownbeard control. Ethalfluralin preplant incorporated (PPI) followed by imazapic or lactofen postemergence (POST) provided 100% golden crownbeard control. Ethalfluralin PPI followed by oxyfluorfen applied preemergence (PRE) or metolachlor + imazethapyr provided 90% control. Dimethenamid, ethalfluralin, and metolachlor alone failed to adequately control golden crownbeard. Golden crownbeard control was most effective when combination treatments were used (PPI or PRE followed by POST). Effective golden crownbeard control increased peanut yields up to 53% over that of the untreated check.

scholarly journals Castor (Ricinus communisL.) Tolerance to Postemergence Herbicides and Weed Control Efficacy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Calvin L. Trostle
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Potential US castor production is limited due to only one labeled herbicide (trifluralin). Field studies were conducted at two Texas locations during 2008 and 2009 to evaluate postemergence herbicides for castor tolerance and weed control efficacy. Clethodim and fluazifop-P-butyl caused no castor stunting while acifluorfen, bentazon, imazethapyr, and lactofen caused stunting which ranged from 5 to 46%. Imazapic and 2,4-DB caused the greatest stunting (44 to 99%) and resulted in castor yields of 0 to 45% of the untreated check. Acifluorfen, imazapic, imazethapyr, lactofen, and 2,4-DB controlled at least 80% smellmelon (Cucumis meloL. var. Dudaim Naud.) while clethodim and fluazifop-P-butyl controlled at least 98% Texas millet [Urochloa texana(Buckl.) R.Webster]. Imazapic and imazethapyr provided 57 to 75% Texas millet control. Results suggest that castor tolerance to the graminicides, clethodim, and fluazifop-P-butyl is high; however, castor injury and yield reductions with the postemergence applications of broadleaf herbicides suggest that these herbicides should not be used in castor production.

scholarly journals Using Quinclorac to Control Annual Grasses and Palmer Amaranth in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
James Grichar ◽  
Travis Janak
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
South Central ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Field studies were conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in south-central Texas to determine control of Palmer amaranth and annual grasses along with grain sorghum tolerance to quinclorac alone and in various combinations when applied to weeds < 5 cm (EPOST) or 10 to 16 cm tall (LPOST). When evaluated late-season quinclorac alone at 0.43 kg ae ha-1 controlled broadleaf signalgrass 72% when applied EPOST and 91% when applied LPOST. Combinations of quinclorac with either atrazine, pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil, dicamba, or dimethenamid-P controlled Palmer amaranth 88 to 100% when applied EPOST or LPOST; however, broadleaf signalgrass control with these combination was better when applied LPOST (75 to 95%) compared with EPOST (37 to 72%) applications. Texas millet control with quinclorac was poor in both years and was never greater than 54%. Quinclorac plus either atrazine, pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil, dicamba, or atrazine + dimethenamid-P caused at least 20% sorghum injury at one of three locations. No yield reductions from the untreated check were noted in either year; however, in 2016 all treatments with the exception of quinclorac alone at 0.29 kg ha-1 applied EPOST, quinclorac + pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil applied LPOST, quinclorac + atrazine + pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil applied LPOST, and quinclorac + dicamba at either application timing produced yields that were greater than the untreated check.

scholarly journals Assessing Nutritional Changes in a Vegetable Over Time: Issues and Considerations

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Farnham ◽  
Michael A. Grusak
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Over Time ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Vegetable Quality

For many decades plant breeders have worked to improve vegetable crops for numerous economically important traits, like host plant resistance to disease, yield, and vegetable quality. Most improvements have been made with little knowledge as to how, or if, nutritional or phytonutrient concentrations might also be indirectly altered in the process. There have been some reports suggesting that concentrations of nutrients in vegetables have been reduced over time, possibly related to introductions of new cultivars. However, for most vegetables, current evidence indicating changes in nutrient concentrations, and specifically mineral concentrations, is circumstantial at best. To effectively test whether changes may have occurred over time as new cultivars replace older ones, appropriate field studies must be conducted wherein harvested produce from “old” vs. “new” crop cultivars is analyzed by appropriate methods and compared directly. Numerous considerations and issues such as 1) the set of cultivars to be used in field tests; 2) how nutritional concentration will be expressed; and 3) the evolution, history, and consumption changes of the crop under study must be addressed in making such direct comparisons and interpreting results.

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