scholarly journals Free Flow of Sweat due to Loss of Surface Tension at Sweat Droplet Causes Water-Induced Skin Wrinkling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Marasakatla ◽  
Karunakar Marasakatla
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sweat Duct ◽  
Skin Wrinkling

Sweat from the body is regulated by the surface tension of a sweat droplet at the pores and the pressure within the sweat duct. A sweat droplet grows in size until its surface tension and the pressure within the sweat duct are in equilibrium. When a hand is immersed in water, sweat droplets easily merge within the water, causing the pressure to drop at the pores. This in turn makes the sweat to flow freely into the water in the absence of counteracting pressure. Sweat glands produce more sweat because of the low pressure within the duct. To prevent loss of water from the body and to maintain the homeostasis, the body reacts by restricting the blood flow to the hand causing vasoconstriction and eventual wrinkling of the skin.

scholarly journals Free Flow of Sweat due to Loss of Surface Tension at Sweat Droplet Causes Water-Induced Skin Wrinkling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Marasakatla ◽  
Karunakar Marasakatla
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Sweat Duct ◽  
Skin Wrinkling

Water immersion skin wrinkling appears to be a result of breaking the balance between the pressure within sweat duct and the pressure exerted by the surface tension of sweat droplet at the pore. When a hand is immersed in water, sweat droplets easily merge within the water causing pressure to drop at the pores. The resulted imbalance in pressure makes the sweat within the duct to flow freely into the water. To prevent loss of water from the body and to maintain homeostasis, the body reacts by restricting blood flow to hand causing vasoconstriction and eventual wrinkling of skin.

scholarly journals Free Flow of Sweat due to Loss of Surface Tension at Sweat Droplet Causes Water-Induced Skin Wrinkling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Marasakatla ◽  
Karunakar Marasakatla
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Wrinkles ◽  
Skin Wrinkling

Water immersion skin wrinkling appears to be the result of breaking the balance between secretory pressure of sweat glands and the pressure exerted by the surface tension of sweat droplet at the pore. When a hand is immersed in water, sweat droplet easily merge within the water causing pressure to drop at the pore. The resulted imbalance in pressure enables the sweat to flow freely into the water. Flow of sweat continues as long as there is a blood flow to hand. To prevent the loss of sweat from the body and to maintain homeostasis, sympathetic nerves trigger the reduction of blood flow to hand causing vasoconstriction. The overlying skin wrinkles due to loss of volume under the skin.

scholarly journals Free flow of sweat due to loss of surface tension at sweat droplets causes water-induced skin wrinkling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Marasakatla ◽  
Karunakar Marasakatla
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Nerve Function ◽  
Skin Wrinkling

Water immersion skin wrinkling has long been used as a test for sympathetic nerve function. However, the cause of underlying mechanism remained elusive. In this article, we theoretically investigate a possible cause of the phenomenon by taking various properties of sweating into consideration. The pressure exerted by the surface tension of sweat droplets counterbalances the secretory pressure of sweat glands at the pore. When a hand is immersed in water, sweat droplets easily merge with the water, causing the pressure to drop at the pore. Our calculations, using earlier measurements of secretory pressure, show that the water pressure at the sweat pore will be less than the secretory pressure of sweat glands when the hand is immersed at a shallow depth. The resulting pressure imbalance enables the sweat to flow freely into the water. We believe that there will be an initial vasodilation to feed the excess generation of sweat. Sweat flow continues as long as there is blood flow to the hand. To prevent excessive loss of sweat from the body and to maintain homeostasis, sympathetic nerves trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the blood flow to the hand. The overlying skin wrinkles due to loss of volume under the skin. It is possible that denerved fingers remain in the vasodilation state during immersion due to a lack of sympathetic nerve function.

scholarly journals Free flow of sweat due to loss of surface tension at sweat droplets causes water-induced skin wrinkling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Marasakatla ◽  
Karunakar Marasakatla
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Nerve Function ◽  
Skin Wrinkling

Water immersion skin wrinkling has long been used as a test for sympathetic nerve function. However, the cause of underlying mechanism remained elusive. In this article, we theoretically investigate a possible cause of the phenomenon by taking various properties of sweating into consideration. The pressure exerted by the surface tension of sweat droplets counterbalances the secretory pressure of sweat glands at the pore. When a hand is immersed in water, sweat droplets easily merge with the water, causing the pressure to drop at the pore. Our calculations, using earlier measurements of secretory pressure, show that the water pressure at the sweat pore will be less than the secretory pressure of sweat glands when the hand is immersed at a shallow depth. The resulting pressure imbalance enables the sweat to flow freely into the water. We believe that there will be an initial vasodilation to feed the excess generation of sweat. Sweat flow continues as long as there is blood flow to the hand. To prevent excessive loss of sweat from the body and to maintain homeostasis, sympathetic nerves trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the blood flow to the hand. The overlying skin wrinkles due to loss of volume under the skin. It is possible that denerved fingers remain in the vasodilation state during immersion due to a lack of sympathetic nerve function.

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE VERSUS CLONIDINE IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR.MATHEW GEORGE ◽  
DR.LINCY JOSEPH ◽  
MRS.DEEPTHI MATHEW ◽  
ALISHA MARIA SHAJI ◽  
BIJI JOSEPH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Blood Flows

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged(1). High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to work properly. When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys.

scholarly journals Calculating the optimal hematocrit under the constraint of constant cardiac power

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Sitina ◽  
Heiko Stark ◽  
Stefan Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractIn humans and higher animals, a trade-off between sufficiently high erythrocyte concentrations to bind oxygen and sufficiently low blood viscosity to allow rapid blood flow has been achieved during evolution. Optimal hematocrit theory has been successful in predicting hematocrit (HCT) values of about 0.3–0.5, in very good agreement with the normal values observed for humans and many animal species. However, according to those calculations, the optimal value should be independent of the mechanical load of the body. This is in contradiction to the exertional increase in HCT observed in some animals called natural blood dopers and to the illegal practice of blood boosting in high-performance sports. Here, we present a novel calculation to predict the optimal HCT value under the constraint of constant cardiac power and compare it to the optimal value obtained for constant driving pressure. We show that the optimal HCT under constant power ranges from 0.5 to 0.7, in agreement with observed values in natural blood dopers at exertion. We use this result to explain the tendency to better exertional performance at an increased HCT.

scholarly journals Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2836
Author(s):  
Khawar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Hadeed Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Humidity Index

Poultry are one of the most vulnerable species of its kind once the temperature-humidity nexus is explored. This is so because the broilers lack sweat glands as compared to humans and undergo panting process to mitigate their latent heat (moisture produced in the body) in the air. As a result, moisture production inside poultry house needs to be maintained to avoid any serious health and welfare complications. Several strategies such as compressor-based air-conditioning systems have been implemented worldwide to attenuate the heat stress in poultry, but these are not economical. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly improved evaporative cooling systems (DEC, IEC, MEC) from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry houses. Thermodynamic analysis of these systems was carried out for the climatic conditions of Multan, Pakistan. The results appreciably controlled the environmental conditions which showed that for the months of April, May, and June, the decrease in temperature by direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and Maisotsenko-Cycle evaporative cooling (MEC) systems is 7–10 °C, 5–6.5 °C, and 9.5–12 °C, respectively. In case of July, August, and September, the decrease in temperature by DEC, IEC, and MEC systems is 5.5–7 °C, 3.5–4.5 °C, and 7–7.5 °C, respectively. In addition, drop in temperature-humidity index (THI) values by DEC, IEC, and MEC is 3.5–9 °C, 3–7 °C, and 5.5–10 °C, respectively for all months. Optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions are determined for poultry birds and thereby, systems’ performance is thermodynamically evaluated for poultry farms from the viewpoint of THI, temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI), and thermal exposure time (ET). From the analysis, it is concluded that MEC system performed relatively better than others due to its ability of dew-point cooling and achieved THI threshold limit with reasonable temperature and humidity indexes.

scholarly journals Acupuncture Affects Regional Blood Flow in Various Organs

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sae Uchida ◽  
Harumi Hotta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Uterine Blood Flow ◽  
Afferent Pathway ◽  
Antidromic Activation ◽  
Efferent Nerve ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Cortical Cerebral Blood Flow

In this review, our recent studies using anesthetized animals concerning the neural mechanisms of vasodilative effect of acupuncture-like stimulation in various organs are briefly summarized. Responses of cortical cerebral blood flow and uterine blood flow are characterized as non-segmental and segmental reflexes. Among acupuncture-like stimuli delivered to five different segmental areas of the body; afferent inputs to the brain stem (face) and to the spinal cord at the cervical (forepaw), thoracic (chest or abdomen), lumbar (hindpaw) and sacral (perineum) levels, cortical cerebral blood flow was increased by stimuli to face, forepaw and hindpaw. The afferent pathway of the responses is composed of somatic groups III and IV afferent nerves and whose efferent nerve pathway includes intrinsic cholinergic vasodilators originating in the basal forebrain. Uterine blood flow was increased by cutaneous stimulation of the hindpaw and perineal area, with perineal predominance. The afferent pathway of the response is composed of somatic group II, III and IV afferent nerves and the efferent nerve pathway includes the pelvic parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves. Furthermore, we briefly summarize vasodilative regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow via a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) induced by antidromic activation of group IV somatic afferent nerves. These findings in healthy but anesthetized animals may be applicable to understanding the neural mechanisms improving blood flow in various organs following clinical acupuncture.

scholarly journals Chinese Herbal Medicine Alleviates Thyroidectomy-Induced Cardiopulmonary Exercise Dysfunction in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-Yuan Chuang ◽  
Chia-Ying Lien ◽  
Chih-Hsiang Hsu ◽  
Chen-Wen Lu ◽  
Chung-Hsin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Subcutaneous Blood Flow ◽  
Tsh Levels

Hypothyroidism frequently causes cardiopulmonary dysfunction, such as heart failure and respiratory and metabolic deficiencies. This study investigated the effects of Chinese herbal formula B307 on thyroidectomy-induced cardiopulmonary exercise dysfunction in rats. Twenty male rats were equally divided into four groups: negative control with sham treatment, positive control with oral B307 treatment only, thyroidectomy treatment only, and thyroidectomy with B307 posttreatment groups. The feeding dose of B307 was 50 mg/kg per day for 14 days. We examined and then compared the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the blood of these four groups. Also, we compared the body weight, neck subcutaneous blood flow, cardiac ejection function, cardiopulmonary exercise function of oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ = VCO2/VO2) among the four groups. Our results indicated that thyroidectomized rats had significantly decreased body weight, neck subcutaneous blood flow, cardiac ejection function, serum T3 and T4, and VO2 and VCO2, but had significantly increased ROS and TSH levels and RQ values compared with sham rats (P<0.01–0.05). In addition, thyroidectomized rats receiving oral B307 treatment had significantly increased body weight, neck subcutaneous blood flow, cardiac ejection function, and VO2, but significantly decreased ROS and TSH levels and VCO2 and RQ values compared with thyroidectomized rats (P<0.01–0.05). We suggest that the B307 could be a protective and beneficial alternative treatment for thyroidectomy-induced cardiopulmonary exercise dysfunction.

Regional blood flow measurement in vivo for a definable geometry

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 962-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin B. Bacaner ◽  
James S. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Radioisotope Method ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Regional Concentration

A radioisotope method for measuring regional blood flow in the intestine of the dog in vivo has been favorably compared with measurement by timed collection of total venous outflow. The necessary conditions are a continuous measure of arterial concentration and cumulative regional concentration of radioisotope, an experimentally definable region, and temporary complete retention of tracer. The derivation of the relations used suggests additional applications of the method to other regions of the body.

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