scholarly journals Assessing Qualities of Different Sources of Water for Mixing Concrete

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. Yalley ◽  
Kennedy Appiadu-Boakye ◽  
Wisdom D. Adzraku
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Concrete Properties ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
Different Sources

This study investigates the effects of water sources on concrete properties. A mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 with 0.5w/c was used in mixing the concrete.  Water from the Stream, the hand-dug well and the borehole were used for the experiments with pipe borne water serving as the control. Cubes and beams were cast and tested for compression and flexural strengths respectively at 7-day and 28-day curing ages. Chemical and physical properties of the water samples were also tested. The results indicate that the chemical impurities of all the water types were within the limits given in GS 175-1:2009, EN 1008, ASTM C94 and AS 1379. The physical specifications were all satisfactory, except for the stream water. The water sources had no significant effect on the workability of concrete. Effects of efflorescence were not observed on hardened concrete specimens obtained from any of the water sources. Concrete Specimens mixed with water from the hand-dug well had the highest compressive strength.

scholarly journals Artificial Neural Network Estimation of the Effect of Varying Curing Conditions and Cement Type on Hardened Concrete Properties

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökhan Kaplan ◽  
Hasbi Yaprak ◽  
Selçuk Memiş ◽  
Abdoslam Alnkaa
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Limestone Powder ◽  
Mineral Admixtures ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Slag Cement ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Concrete Properties ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
Artificial Neural

The use of mineral admixtures and industrial waste as a replacement for Portland cement is recognized widely for its energy efficiency along with reduced CO2 emissions. The use of materials such as fly ash, blast-furnace slag or limestone powder in concrete production makes this process a sustainable one. This study explored a number of hardened concrete properties, such as compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic elasticity modulus, water absorption and depth of penetration under varying curing conditions having produced concrete samples using Portland cement (PC), slag cement (SC) and limestone cement (LC). The samples were produced at 0.63 and 0.70 w/c (water/cement) ratios. Hardened concrete samples were then cured under three conditions, namely standard (W), open air (A) and sealed plastic bag (B). Although it was found that the early-age strength of slag cement was lower, it was improved significantly on 90th day. In terms of the effect of curing conditions on compressive strength, cure W offered the highest compressive strength, as expected, while cure A offered slightly lower compressive strength levels. An increase in the w/c ratio was found to have a negative impact on pozzolanic reactions, which resulted in poor hardened concrete properties. Furthermore, carbonation effect was found to have positive effects on some of the concrete properties, and it was observed to have improved the depth of water penetration. Moreover, it was possible to estimate the compressive strength with high precision using artificial neural networks (ANN). The values of the slopes of the regression lines for training, validating and testing datasets were 0.9881, 0.9885 and 0.9776, respectively. This indicates the high accuracy of the developed model as well as a good correlation between the predicted compressive strength values and the experimental (measured) ones.

Apple trees, larches and their water uptake: distinct ecohydrological systems in contrasting environmental settings?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Brighenti ◽  
Giacomo Bertoldi ◽  
Agnese Aguzzoni ◽  
Damiano Zanotellii ◽  
Nikolaus Obojes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Water Line ◽  
Meteoric Water Line ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Different Water Sources

<p>Different water sources can contribute to plant transpiration in Alpine environments, such as rainfall, snowmelt, irrigation and/or stream waters that are temporarily stored in the vadose and saturated zones. Particularly, the proportion of water uptake from different soil depths can strikingly differ depending on the species and the local environmental conditions such as the availability of freshwater resources, and local climatic and pedological settings.</p><p>We aim at estimating the relative contributions of different water sources (i.e., soil water at various depths and groundwater) to tree transpiration with the use of stable water isotopes. Our work is part of a wider national project (WATZON: WATer mixing in the critical ZONe) studying the relationship between plants, soil and water in contrasting natural and semi-natural environments of Italy. Here we report the results of monitoring activities in two different ecosystems in South-Tyrol (Eastern Italian Alps): an apple orchard growing on a deep (>2.5 m) sandy soil of the Adige floodplain (Binnenland), and a sub-alpine conifer forest located on steep slopes with a shallow (10-60 cm) skeletal soil (Mazia, 2000 mt a.s.l.), where we selected European larch (Larix decidua) as a model-species. Water (precipitation, stream water, groundwater), soil at different depths and twigs samples were collected fortnightly from May to November 2020, and weather conditions (automatic stations), soil parameters (moisture and temperature) at different depths and sapflow were continuously recorded over the entire period.</p><p>At both locations, precipitation waters had a heavier isotopic composition than stream water and groundwater, that did not show any significant difference between each other in terms of isotopic signature. While all these potential water sources plotted on the local meteoric water line, shallow soil water samples (5-15 cm) deviated from it revealing a stronger and more variable evaporative fractionation when compared with those of deeper soil (25-65 cm). Xylem water samples from apple trees at Binnenland overlapped with soil water samples, more consistently at 10-30 cm depths. This water mostly derived from infiltrated rainwater but with a non-negligible contribution from groundwater during July and August. In contrast, xylem water from larch trees at Mazia plotted on the local meteoric water line, and had an isotopic composition more similar to that of precipitation than soil water even for samples collected after several days of drying out. As sapflow measurements of larches revealed a continuous transpiration, it is unlikely that trees took up water only soon after precipitation events. Instead, we hypothesize that larches at Mazia likely rely on a water pool which is different from the soil (e.g., rock moisture).</p><p>These contrasting ecohydrological systems reveal different strategies of water use by dwelling plants in natural and anthropic systems, showing a distinct sensitivity and resilience to changing climate.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Superplasticizer on the Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete Mixes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Randa Muddather ◽  
A. E. Hassaballa
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Concrete Properties ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Water Contents

This research aims to study the effect of superplasticizer, when mixed with local materials, on both fresh and hardened concrete properties to achieve the demands of engineers and contractors. The methodology adopted to achieve the objectives of the research focuses mainly on a collection of data from different sources, an extensive review of previous studies, designing concrete mixes and implementing a lot of laboratory experiments using different ratios of superplasticizer with low water contents. The ratios of superplasticizer added were 0.0 (as a reference mix), 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.5 Litre/ 50Kg cement for concrete ages of 3, 7 and 28 days by preparing 12 cubes for each sample. Local ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and graded natural coarse and fine aggregate were used for all concrete mixes conducted in this research. From the experimental results obtained it has been found that the ratio of (0.8 litres per 50 kg of cement) superplasticizers with a reduction of 15% (w/c) showed a clear and significant effect on improving the workability of concrete mixes. Also the ratios of 1.5L per 50 kg of cement with a 30% reduction of (w/c(and 0.4L per 50 kg of cement with a reduction of 10% )w/c) superplasticizer have resulted in high workability. Whereas, the values of absorption showed no changes with respected to the used ratios of SP or w/c contents. The results have shown substantial improvement in the properties of concrete after use of the superplasticizers for achieving the lowest possible water/cement ratio while maintaining a high workability.  

scholarly journals Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Motuma Tessema Abegaz ◽  
Mulissa Jida Midekssa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Dug Well

The quality of drinking water has always been a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to improved water supply and sanitation is very low. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of rural community drinking water sources in the Guto Gida district. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected rural areas of the district from January to June 2016. Water samples were collected from four types of sources (protected dug well, open dug well, protected spring, and open spring) found in 8 locations of the study area. The membrane filtration technique was employed to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform load of the samples. The physicochemical characteristics such as total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, color, iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, zinc, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate were analyzed following the American Public Health Association and WHO standard protocols. Our results revealed that 90.6% and 87.5% of water samples were positive for total coliform and faecal coliform, respectively. Thus, the majority of the studied water sources could be classified as polluted with respect to coliform load. Our results also have shown that most of the water sources showed marginally tolerable quality with respect to color, EC, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate. However, the protected sources had poor quality in zinc, lead, iron, manganese, and pH with values above the permissible levels. Thus, the drinking water source quality of the study areas requires appropriate interventions such as improving the existing water source infrastructure and access to sanitation services.

The Influence of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Water on the Compressive Strength of Concrete

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 20244-20253
Author(s):  
Benjamin Boahene Akomah ◽  
Emmanuel Nana Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Aquarium Water ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Different Sources

Objective: To determine the influence of the physico-chemical compositions of the different sources of water on the compressive strength of concrete. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two 150mm x 150mm concrete specimen were cast using six different sources of water and cured using the same water sources by immersion for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Each water sample was used to produce 12 specimen, three each for the four different ages. Concrete cubes were weighed using digital weighing machine before testing. Test for compressive strength was done using digital compressive test machine after which the Average Compressive Strength (ACS) of the three samples was determined. Results: The silt content of the fine aggregates used was within the recommended percentage specified by the IS part II 1963. The results obtained from the slump test classifies the concrete produced for the study as stiff or extremely dry. Though the Amissano and Aquarium water recorded some amount of slump, their slumps could still be described as no-slump and cannot be classified. The figures for the compacting factor test indicated low workability for the concrete produced for the test. It was only the concrete produced from the Kakum river water that had a medium workability. The sea water recorded the highest pH and was followed by the Kakumdo well water. The least pH was recorded by the Amissano well water. The total dissolved solid (TDS) of the Kakumdo well water and the sea water were far higher than the Ghana standards. On the other hand, the figures recorded by the Kakum water for chloride, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness and electric conductivity were below what is prescribed by the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). The calcium hardness of the Kakumdo well water was (160mg/l) more than the standard. The Amissano well water specimen recorded the least ACS both at age 7 and 28. This was the lowest among all the samples produced from the various sources of water used for the experiment. The significant strength increase of the Amissano well water samples was recorded at age 14 and 21. The Kakumdo water specimen recorded the highest earliest strength of 20.339KN/mm2 and was followed by the Kakum river water. The samples from this source still recorded the highest at age 14 and 21. But at 28, it was overtaken by the Kakum river water samples with the Kakum river samples recording 26.439 KN/mm2 as against the 25.484 KN/mm2 registered by the Kakumdo well water samples. The Aquarium well water specimen recorded high strength at both age 7 and 28 than the Amissano well water specimen. Conclusion: The Aquarium water and Amissano well water were more acidic, meaning their pHs were lower than 6. This had significant influence on the ACS of the samples produced from them. This was evident in the case of the Amissano well water samples which recorded the lowest earliest strength of (12.173N/) among the six sources. The ACS difference recorded between the Aquarium and Amissano well water samples which were all acidic was 5.379KN/mm2. This means that higher the acidity of the water use for the production of concrete, the lower the ACS. The Amissano well water was 10 times more acidic than the Aquarium water and 20 times higher than the Kakum river water, pipe borne water and Kakumdo well water but 40 times higher than the sea water.

Concrete with High Content of Fly Ash Intended for Constructions with Long Durability

2016 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Hubáček ◽  
Rudolf Hela
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Concrete Properties ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Long Life

The article deals with theme of high fly ash content concretes intended for long life constructions. Considering the still growing consumption of fly ash in construction concretes it is a live theme in the Czech Republic and abroad as well. The emphasis will be laid namely on characteristics and requirements for fresh concrete intended for construction of these specific concrete constructions. They are for instance waterproof constructions, tunnel linings, concretes for bridge and road constructions etc. Also the hardened concrete properties like compressive strength, resistance to pressure water, durability and further necessary parameters for obtainment of required properties of these concretes will be monitored.

The Comparison of Properties of Fine Recycled Aggregate Concrete from Different Sources of Recycled Aggregate

2018 ◽  
Vol 760 ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Pavlů
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Recycled Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Concrete Properties ◽  
Different Sources

The main aim of this contribution is comparison the properties of fine aggregate concrete with partial replacement of sand by fine recycled aggregate. The fine recycled aggregate originated from two different sources. The main topic of this article is the study of influence of the origin of FRA to fine aggregate concrete properties. The compressive strength, flexural strength and freeze-thaw resistance were tested. The mechanical properties and weight were examined after 28 and 60 days and after 25, 50, 75 and 100 cycles of freeze-thaw. Partial replacement of sand was 25 and 50 % for all these tests. The properties were investigated by using prismatic specimens.

scholarly journals Effects of drinking water sources on performance and carcass indices of broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
E. K Asaniyan ◽  
I. C. Adene ◽  
S. A Adekunle
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Different Sources

Water samples were taken from four different sources (Well, stream, borehole and treated). Chemical and bacteriological analyses of samples carried out to determine, lead, cadmium, manganese, aluminium, sodium, bacteria counts and isolates revealed that mineral elements were significant (P<0.05) among water samples from four different sources except for lead. Apart from the treated water sample; results of the bacteria counts and isolates revealed that the water samples contained some levels of bacteria species (Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeniginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis and Enterobacter cloacae).Then an experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the water sources on broiler performance and carcass parameters. Except for the birds on the treated water that had significant (P<0.05) weight gain among the water sources, generally, the performance indices were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments. Carcass parameters were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments except for the neck. Hence, this investigation tends to reveal that the outcome of the chemical and bacteria analysis of the water samples did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on broilers performance and carcass growth. Therefore, within the limit of this study; in terms of period and location, any of the investigated water samples is good for broiler consumption without any detrimental effect to their wellbeing.

scholarly journals Presence and Virulence Potential of Aeromonas hydrophila in Selected Water Sources for Household Consumption in Makurdi, Benue State

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Tersoo-Abiem Evelyn Mnguchivir ◽  
Ariahu Charles Chukwuma ◽  
Igyor Micheal Agba
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in selected drinking water sources in Makurdi. A total of 100 water samples (Tap, river, stream, well, pond and borehole water) were collected from different locations in Makurdi. Isolation and identification of the organism was performed using standard microbiological techniques. Further confirmation of the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila was carried out using the Microbact 24E detection kit and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A. hydrophila was detected in 12 (12%) out of the 100 samples; 6.67%, 8.82%, 7.14%, 25%, 30% and 20%  of tap, well, borehole, river, pond and stream water samples respectively. The highest isolation rate of A. hydrophila (30%) was from pond water. All A. hydrophila isolated exhibited heamolysin, protease and lipase activity. The findings of this study revealed that treated and untreated drinking water sources in Makurdi are contaminated with potentially virulent A. hydrophila strains which may pose a health risk to consumers. Therefore, basic water treatment should be applied to drinking water to reduce public health threat posed by this finding.

scholarly journals Efficiency of rice husk ash and fly ash as reactivity materials in sustainable concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Amin ◽  
Bassam Abdelsalam Abdelsalam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Concrete Mixtures

AbstractMany environmental problems occur due to rice husk burning and emissions from coal-fired power stations. This paper presents the recycling of rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) from power plants as reactivity materials for producing sustainable (green) concrete. This research aims to investigate the efficiency of RHA and FA replacement ratios on fresh and hardened properties of concrete mixtures. The experimental program consisted of 21 concrete mixtures, which were divided into three groups. The cementitious material contents were 350, 450 and 550 kg m−3 for groups one, two and three, respectively. The replacement ratios from the cement content were 10, 20 and 30% respectively, for each recycle material (RHA and FA). The slump and air contents of fresh concrete were measured. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and bond strength of hardened concrete as mechanical properties were also analyzed. The compressive strength was monitored at different ages: 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 d. The water permeability test of hardened concrete as physical properties was conducted. Test results showed that the RHA and FA enhanced the mechanical and physical properties compared with the control mixture. The cementitious content of 450 kg m−3 exhibited better results than other utilized contents. In particular, the replacement ratios of 10 and 30% of RHA presented higher mechanical properties than those of FA for each group. The water permeability decreased as the cementitious content increased due to the decrease in air content for all mixtures. The water permeability loss ratios increased as the cementitious content decreased.

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