Challenges for integrated pest management of Dasineura brassicae in oilseed rape

The use of insecticides in flowering oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) against pest insects such as the brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae W.) often conflicts with the protection of pollinating and beneficial insects. Dasineura brassicae is a major pest insect in European oilseed rape production. However, a comprehensive and sustainable pest control strategy within the framework of integrated pest management (IPM) does not exist, and little research on the insect has been published during the past two decades. This paper reviews the existing knowledge about D. brassicae along its life cycle and is intended to form the basis for further research activities on pod-damaging pest insects in oilseed rape. Important knowledge gaps are identified, regarding the significance of natural enemies, diapause induction, and predictions on damage potential, based on initial pest insect population. The short lifespan of the adults is particularly challenging in praxis. The implementation of IPM for D. brassicae is discussed on the basis of the four IPM steps (set an economic threshold, establish pest monitoring, preventive measures, and direct control measures) and remaining hurdles, as well as potential solutions for a better IPM, are identified. For D. brassicae, there is no science-based economic threshold and no applicable monitoring methods for farmers, which hinders a field-specific damage forecast and the precise timing of insecticide applications. Research into improved monitoring (e.g. selective attractants, real-time monitoring using remote-sensing technologies) appears to be a promising step towards an integrated pest management of D. brassicae.

IOT-Based Cotton Whitefly Prediction Using Deep Learning

Agriculture is suffering from the problem of low fertility and climate hazards such as increased pest attacks and diseases. Early prediction of pest attacks can be very helpful in improving productivity in agriculture. Insect pest (whitefly) attack has a high influence on cotton crop yield. Internet of Things solution is proposed to predict the whitefly attack to take prevention measures. An insect pest prediction system (IPPS) was developed with the help of the Internet of Things and a RBFN algorithm based on environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides proposed an economic threshold level for prediction of whitefly attack. The economic threshold level and RBFN algorithm are used to predict the whitefly attack using temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. The seven evaluation metrics accuracy, f-measures, precision, recall, Cohen’s kappa, ROC AUC, and confusion matrix are used to determine the performance of the RBFN algorithm. The proposed insect pest prediction system is deployed in the high influenced region of pest that provides pest prediction information to the farmer to take control measures.

BIOLOGIZED WAY TO REDUCE HARMFULNESS OF PEACH APHID MYZODES PERSICAE SULZ. ON TOBACCO SOWINGS

The article offers a biologized method to effectively protect tobacco from the peach aphid, a dangerous pest, and a carrier of a viral infection. The method is based on the application of domestic bioinsecticides Bikol, Rapsol, and Biostop. We determined that triple treatment with these preparations effectively (by 81–87 %) suppress the number of phytopathogens for 14 days at the level of economic threshold of harmfulness. At the same time, the prevalence of viral infection is reduced by 2.5–3.3 times.

Global dynamics for a non-smooth Filippov system with the threshold strategy

In this study, the Leslie-Gower model with functional response is extended into a non-smooth Filippov system by applying IPM strategies. Once the number of pests reaches or surpasses the given economic threshold(ET), spraying pesticides and releasing the natural enemy are implemented simultaneously. In order to maintain the pest population at or below ET, global dynamics of the proposed model are investigated completely, including the existence of sliding mode and various equilibria, sliding dynamics and global stability of equilibria. The result shows that real equilibrium cannot coexist with the unique pseudo-equilibrium. In particular, after excluding the existence of any possible limit cycle, the global stability of equilibria is obtained by employing qualitative and numerical techniques. In the end, the effect of our work on pest control are discussed.

Biotic Factors in the Phytosanitary Technology of Green Pea Cultivation in the Trans-Urals

This article presents the results of studying the phytosanitary situation in the cultivation of 10 varieties of green pea in the Trans-Urals. We noted that the economic threshold of harmfulness by the soilborne and leaf-and-stem disease agents was crossed in the majority of the varieties. All varieties of the peas were affected by root rot above the economic threshold of damage (15%). In 2018, the level of root rot development was 55.5% on average in the varieties, or an excess of EPR by 3.7 times; and in 2019, the development of rot was 44.6% or an excess of EPR by 3 times. High rates of Fusarium blight were evident in the Zauralskiy 4, Kulon, Krepysh, and Samarius varieties, and bacterial blight in the Krepysh and Tomas varieties. Rust development varied on average over the two years from 10.5% to 16.5%, and 12% of the standard cultivar Aksayskiy Usatii 55 was affected. 11% of Samarius 13% of Agrointel and 11.5% of Zauralskiy 3 were affected. For all varieties, the development of powdery mildew was below the economic threshold of harmfulness (EPV = 15%). A higher percentage of disease development was noted in the Zauralsky 4 variety (11.0%) and in the Yamalsky 305 variety (13.5%). The productivity of the seeds treated with chemical fungicide increased 1.2-1.9 times as compared to the reference sample. The productivity growth of the seeds treated with biofungicides amounted to 1.09-1.11 times the reference. The authors recommend a pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds with preparations of symbiotrophic nitrogen fixers (such as nitragin, rhizotorfin), combined with their treatment with microelements: ammonium molybdate with 50% content of the active ingredient (250 g / t of seeds) and boric acid (250-300 g / t of seeds). Keywords: green pea, varieties, diseases, fungicide, yield.This article presents the results of studying the phytosanitary situation in the cultivation of 10 varieties of green pea in the Trans-Urals. We noted that the economic threshold of harmfulness by the soilborne and leaf-and-stem disease agents was crossed in the majority of the varieties. All varieties of the peas were affected by root rot above the economic threshold of damage (15%). In 2018, the level of root rot development was 55.5% on average in the varieties, or an excess of EPR by 3.7 times; and in 2019, the development of rot was 44.6% or an excess of EPR by 3 times. High rates of Fusarium blight were evident in the Zauralskiy 4, Kulon, Krepysh, and Samarius varieties, and bacterial blight in the Krepysh and Tomas varieties. Rust development varied on average over the two years from 10.5% to 16.5%, and 12% of the standard cultivar Aksayskiy Usatii 55 was affected. 11% of Samarius 13% of Agrointel and 11.5% of Zauralskiy 3 were affected. For all varieties, the development of powdery mildew was below the economic threshold of harmfulness (EPV = 15%). A higher percentage of disease development was noted in the Zauralsky 4 variety (11.0%) and in the Yamalsky 305 variety (13.5%). The productivity of the seeds treated with chemical fungicide increased 1.2-1.9 times as compared to the reference sample. The productivity growth of the seeds treated with biofungicides amounted to 1.09-1.11 times the reference. The authors recommend a pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds with preparations of symbiotrophic nitrogen fixers (such as nitragin, rhizotorfin), combined with their treatment with microelements: ammonium molybdate with 50% content of the active ingredient (250 g / t of seeds) and boric acid (250-300 g / t of seeds). Keywords: green pea, varieties, diseases, fungicide, yield

Comparing Three Methods of Calculation Economic Threshold and Injury Levels for Land Snail Monacha cantiana (Montagu) on Sugarbeet in Nubaryia, Egypt

This investigation is the first to determine Monacha cantiana's EIL and ETL. This study was accomplished during two seasons to identify EIL and ETL of M. cantiana in West Nubaryia region in Egypt. Four infested techniques (SnP, SnM, ILnP and ILnP %) and three methods (i.e. 1WRB, Chi-square and the equation of Pedigo et al. 1986) were applied to calculate EIL and ETL. Generally, at SnP, SnM, ILnP and ILnP%, the EIL values for RWL and RYL ranged from 5.0 to 6.4, 35.1 to 44.7, 14.9 to 18.3 and 48.4 to 55.0, respectively. The EIT values for SYL at the techniques infested above ranged from 5.9 to 8.7 SnP, 41.4 to 58.7 SnM, 16.7 to 26.7 ILnP and 53.1 to 73.1 ILnP%. For RWL and RYL, range ETL values were 3.8 to 5.3, 22.4 to 38.4, 8 to 14.6 and 32.5 to 44.0 at SnP, SnM, ILnP and ILnP%, respectively. Nonetheless the corresponding values for RYL were 4.4-5.1, 22.4-35.8, 8-11.9 and 32.5-38.7. On the other hand, the aforementioned SYL treatment values were 4.0 to 7.0, 26.8 to 46.9, 10.3 to 21.4 and 37.0 to 58.0, respectively. Chi-square were only significant for root weight and their losses, therefore, it was neglected. The ranges in SnP expression were very closely. So, It could be inferred that SnP with Pedigo et al. 1986) or 1WRB is an effective technique for EIL or ETL determination.

Control period and economic threshold level of glyphosate tolerant weeds in 2.4-D resistant soybean

Weed densities, species, costs of control, crop value and interference periods should be considered for weed management. With this regard, three experiments were carried out to evaluate weed control periods and weed density in a new soybean cultivar. In ths first trial, control efficacy was measured by visual phytotoxicity of four weed species I. hederifolia, E. heterophylla, Conyza spp. and R. brasiliensis using four different herbicides with two doses each: glyphosate (720 and 1,440 g ea ha-1), 2.4-D (670 and 1,340 g ea ha-1), glufosinate (400 and 600 g ea ha-1) and glyphosate + 2.4-D (410 + 390 and 820 + 780 g ea ha-1). Herbicides were sprayed in an entirely randomized 4x8+1 factorial scheme with six repetitions. In the second experiment, 2,4-D-resistant soybean growth was measured under increasing densities of the same weeds (21 plants m² vs 21, 42, 84, 168 and 336 plants m²). This experiment was conducted under entirely randomized design with 25 treatments with four repetitions. Critical level of damage and economic threshold level of each weed species in soybean were measured using non-linear regressions. In a third experiment, weed with soybean were submitted to increasing periods of control and coexistence (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49 and 70 days after soybean emergence, plus two control treatments). Glufosinate and glyphosate+2.4-D (820 + 780 g ea ha-1) showed greater weed control than glyphosate alone (720 g ea ha-1). The yield loss of 0.85, 2.12, 5.71 and 34.24% were found for each weed of E. heterophylla, I. hederifolia, R. brasiliensis and Conyza spp., coexisting with soybean. There was a soybean grain yield loss of 50% in the weedy treatment. Soybean weed management should occur between 18thand 48th days after its emergence. Economic threshold level on soybean yield suggested is below one plant of Conyza spp. and R. brasiliensis per m-². The use of glufosinate and glyphosate+2,4-D provides a greater flexibility of herbicide use for farmers