A diversidade confirma seu voto: candidaturas transexuais, folkcomunicação e representação política

A proposta deste artigo é refletir sobre os espaços ocupados pelas candidaturas transexuais nas últimas eleições municipais de 2020, no Brasil, correlacionando folkcomunicação, representação política e minorias. Apesar do êxito eleitoral de uma parcela ainda pequena desse segmento em todo o país, com destaque maior nas grandes metrópoles, os (as) transexuais reforçam suas políticas de gênero e abrem novos campos de disputas políticas, como nunca vistos na sociedade brasileira. Nessa perspectiva, o trabalho aponta como a visibilidade midiática potencializa as políticas de comunicação afirmativas da identidade transexual, o que vem possibilitando leituras plurais da sociedade, abrindo novos espaços e democratizando a representação política. Folkcomunicação; Representação política; Minoria; Transexuais. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the spaces occupied by transsexual candidates in the last municipal elections of 2020, in Brazil, correlating folk communication, political representation and minorities. Despite the electoral success of a still small portion of this segment across the country, with greater prominence in large cities, transsexuals reinforce their gender policies and open up new fields of political disputes, as never before seen in Brazilian society. In this perspective, the work points out how media visibility enhances affirmative communication policies for transsexual identity, which have enabled plural readings of society, opening new spaces and democratizing political representation. Folkcommunication; Political Representation; Minorities; Transsexuals. El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los espacios ocupados por los candidatos transexuales en las últimas elecciones municipales de 2020, en Brasil, correlacionando folkcomunicación, representación política y minorías. A pesar del éxito electoral de una porción aún pequeña de este segmento en todo el país, con mayor protagonismo en las grandes ciudades, los transexuales refuerzan sus políticas de género y abren nuevos campos de disputa política, como nunca antes se había visto en la sociedad brasileña. En esta perspectiva, el trabajo señala cómo la visibilidad mediática potencia las políticas de comunicación afirmativa para la identidad transexual, que han permitido lecturas plurales de la sociedad, abriendo nuevos espacios y democratizando la representación política. Folkcomunicación; Representación Política; Minorías; Transexuales.

Conspiracy Theories as Superstition: Today’s Mirror Image in Spinoza’s Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

The contention in this paper is that the theological-political disputes Spinoza was concerned with 350 years ago are similar to the conspiratorial disputes we experience today. The world in Spinoza’s Tractatus theologico-politicus, a political intervention in his time, serves as a “mirror image”, that is to say, it deals with the same problem we face today albeit in a different mode. Understanding our contemporary condition under the auspices of a Spinozist perspective, problems in countermeasures to the conspiratorial disputes come to light. Scholarly work and practice focus on the epistemological dimension of conspiracy theories, tying in the extent to which they are problematic to the degree in which they deal in untruth. However, the lesson from Spinoza’s analysis of the theological-political disputes is that such theories do not deal in truth, but, in affect, they do not spring from a lack of education but a lack of certainty. The work of Spinoza opens up a different approach, and if our aim is like that of the TTP, to defend political life against the threat of civil war, such a different approach is in order.

Establishing Pro-ᶜAbbāsid Orthodoxy

Chapter 3 examines conversion themes in pre-miḥna historical works, written by historians who lived and wrote before the enforcement of the miḥna in 218/833. These works are the earliest available from the ᶜAbbasid era. The chapter analyzes how the caliphs’ attempts to establish a pro-ᶜAbbāsid orthodoxy influenced history writing and thus impacted historical depictions of conversion. Tracing and analyzing topoi of conversion, the chapter demonstrates how pro-ᶜAbbāsid historians portrayed the conversion of major Umayyad figures unfavorably, advancing pro-Shīᶜite and pro-ᶜAlid depictions. ᶜAbbāsid depictions are contrasted with pre-ᶜAbbāsid portrayals to emphasize how religio-political disputes shape the historiographical narrative.

ENGLISH: Islamic Concept of Tribal Identity and Modern World; A Case of Pakistan

Islam is a universal religion and it educated his followers that they all are equal as human being because no one is superior on the basis of color, creed, caste or blood. They all are the son of Adam and that’s why the standard of superiority is only based on piety. Before the dispensation of Islam the Arabs were divided in different tribes and the used their genealogical position and felt pride on it. Every tribe was famous due to tribal nobility and tribal strength considered as their political power. All the tribes used sword to solve the political disputes and wanted to set their tribal supremacy. The battle of Bassos and Fujar are famous for tribal supremacy. But Islam changed this concept and turned them into civilized nation. Islam declared that tribe is not factor of supremacy or superiority rather than identity of the people. This paper highlights the role of tribes as a factor of identity under the light of Islam and modern world especially when there is a concept of authoritarian democracy.

3. Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression

This chapter assesses when, if ever, a state should restrict hate speech. Political disputes about this topic are part of broader disagreements about the limits of freedom of expression. The chapter makes a case for restricting hate speech when, and on the grounds that, it incites or makes more likely harm to particular members of society. It considers whether some familiar justifications for freedom of expression provide a persuasive case against this view, exploring arguments that appeal to autonomy, individual interests in expression, and the dangers of granting the state regulatory power. None of these justifications supports the protection of hate speech. The chapter then sketches the kinds of hate speech legislation that these arguments justify.

Diversity, Autonomy and Solidarity in Multinational States: Current Developments in the Spanish-Catalan and the Jews-Arabs Political Disputes

The concept of the nation state – and specifically the tension between affirming solidarity among nation-state compatriots and respecting national minorities’ rights in order to preserve diversity and secure their autonomy – has been on the global agenda over the last two centuries, especially in Europe. In recent years, two cases, in Catalonia and in Israel – different in many respects but similar in others – serve as inspiring test cases for analysing questions of national identities and state cohesion. Both of these cases portray the dilemmas surrounding national identity in an allegedly dichotomic fashion, thus requiring a choice between independence and secession or unionism and assimilation. This article suggests that a dichotomic perspective is not compelling and that solidarity and autonomy are not necessarily contradictory. It explores the connection between solidarity and autonomy and applies the analysis to the case studies of Catalonia and Israel separately, given the unique characteristics of each case.

NEOČEKIVANI POBJEDNIK: USPON KARLA ROBERTA DO VLASTI

The author is analyzing the circumstances surrounding the planning, launching and carrying out the expedition intended to transfer Charles Robert from Southern Italy to Eastern Adriatic so that he could realize his inherited right to Crown of St. Stephen and the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia. Contrary to the conventional wisdom in historiography, the author advocates a thesis that the expedition was organized not to enable Charles to realize his claim, but to remove him from Naples where he, being the heir to the local throne, was a potential source of political disputes and conflicts. Analyzing the details of the expedition and the contemporaries’ views on it (as found in the preserved sources), the author finds arguments for such a viewpoint. He also analyzes the developments that, in the early 14th century, generated a whole new political situation that in turn created an opportunity for Charles Robert to actually realize his potential claim to the throne.

Monument to Marshal Konev as a victim of Czech contradictions on Russia

The authorities of the Prague 6 district took down the monument to Marshal Konev, who liberated the Czech capital in May 1945. Russia could not prevent this, because the monument was not subject to an intergovernmental agreement. The laws of the Czech Republic allow municipal authorities to decide the fate of monuments standing on their territory. The actions of Czech politicians on a regional level appeared to demonstrate profound ingratitude in the eyes of many people - some condemned the politicians in the sharpest possible terms, but others supported and praised the decision. Representatives of the majority of political parties represented in the Czech Parliament, as well as the country's President Miloš Zeman, spoke on the topic. The “bronze Marshal” became a victim of Czech internal political disputes over relations with Russia. There is no state-level “war” against monuments to Red Army soldiers in the Czech Republic. However, decisions to remove them have been taken several times at local level.

One theoretical framework for understanding current LGBT issues in Serbia today

The first part of the article describes the ideological disputes in the Serbian public related to the proposal for the adoption of three laws: on same-sex marital union, on gender equality and on the prohibition of gender discrimination. The second part of the article proposes a modified version of the theory of the world capitalist system and neocolonialism as a theoretical framework for explaining these political and ideological controversies. In conclusion, the author states that it is certainly possible to contextualize these ideological and political disputes theoretically in a different manner, but that the proposed theoretical framework enables a coherent understanding of other dominant social phenomena in Serbia.

Cultural heritage of Poland in the urban space of Vienna

The aim of the research was to define the cultural heritage of Poland as represented in the urban space of Vienna by Polonica. Structures commemorating Poles or events they took part in, as well as places related to Poland and Polish people such as Nazi death camps, or geographical objects, were included. Polonica were grouped and analysed in terms of the time of creation, location in the city space, founders, inscriptions and building materials (if they came from Poland). On the basis of the results and discussion, it was found that, as a group of objects, Polonica represent the cultural heritage of Poland from various periods. These objects show both the history of the people and events commemorated, as well as events in the history of Poland over the last 400 years. Moreover, it was argued that some Polonica constitute the cultural heritage of both Poland and Austria. Some objects may be perceived and interpreted differently, which may be related to international political disputes.