Monitoring Dynamic Water Injection to Improve Oil Recovery Efficiency

Dynamic water, also known as smart water, injected at the end of conventional water flood by seawater, is known to show significant improvement in recovering additional oil. Different mechanisms have been proposed and lab measurements were conducted to understand the underlying process of additional oil recovery through dynamic water injection in lab conditions. In this work, we study the effects of different dynamic water injection scenarios on oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs based on reservoir simulations using representative fluid and rock properties with relative permeability curves obtained from core studies. To quantify the changes in measurable multiphysics properties due to dynamic water injection and reconcile multiphysics interpretation with additional oil recovery at field scale, a petrophysically consistent multiphysics effective property modeling is conducted. Based on the simulation results, dynamic water injection is shown to be effective in additional oil recovery at field scale post seawater injection. In addition, saturation changes caused by dynamic water injection result in detectable time-lapse contrast in the corresponding conductivity profiles, suggesting feasibility of the resistivity measurements to monitor dynamic water injection. This paper shows the advantages and benefits of petrophysically consistent multiphysics effective property modeling for a successful fluid monitoring design for quantifying the efficiency of dynamic water injection on additional oil recovery post seawater flood.

Covid Patient Health Monitoring Using IoT During Quarantine

The term “COVID” is breaking the hearts of the entire human community. The Corona virus is more infectious and is exceptionally irresistible, it is vital to isolate the patients and yet the specialists need to screen Corona virus patients as well. With the expanding increase in the number of Corona cases, the doctors find it difficult to keep track on the medical issue of isolated patients. To address this issue, we designed a distant IOT based screen framework, that considers observing of numerous Corona virus patients over the web. The system uses temperature sensor, respiratory sensor and pulse oximeter to measure the health parameters of the patients. If any oddity is detected in patient’s health, the patient presses the emergency help button which we installed in our system. This will alert the doctor and the care taker over IOT remotely. Our system thus provides a safe health monitoring design, in order to prevent the disease spreading through Corona virus and monitoring the individual health of each patient.

Designing accurate and effective means for marine ecosystem monitoring incorporating species distribution assessments

<p>Monitoring marine ecosystems is essential for the conservation and management of marine biodiversity as it is central to the development of sustainable management practices and for assessing the effectiveness of the increasing number of marine reserves (MR) globally. Monitoring data are often collected in MRs to assess the state of natural marine systems in the absence of anthropogenic disturbance or to assess recovery of previously impacted species. In recent years, MR designation has attempted to move away from ad hoc approaches to MR establishment and towards using existing species distribution and abundance data to define protected areas. Given the logistics and cost of collecting biological data in the marine environment, effective methods are required to successfully demonstrate changes associated with MRs and to identify the spatial distribution of organisms and habitats for the planning of further MRs. The aim of this thesis was to identify effective protocols for the monitoring of fish and invertebrate species inside MRs in New Zealand, and to develop and apply methodologies to identify spatial distribution patterns relevant to marine spatial planning. Using baseline data of fish and invertebrate species abundances for the Taputeranga MR I performed prospective power analyses to identify the most cost-effective monitoring approach for subsequent monitoring. Based on before-after-control-impact (BACI) tests the power to conclude statistically that abundances were higher at MR sites was low for even large simulated changes in abundance (two-fold or four-fold increases) for most species. Due to differences in baseline abundance and spatio-temporal variance terms, power varied considerably among species, highlighting the difficulty of monitoring all species to the same degree, whilst also remaining cost-effective. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for temporally replicated survey designs as “one-off” surveys had much lower power than those that were temporally replicated. Longer term monitoring effectiveness was analysed using three long-term datasets from MRs in the South Island of New Zealand. I analysed the power of alternate underwater visual census (UVC) monitoring configurations to conclude statistically that there were increasing/decreasing trends in abundance, as well as the precision and accuracy of trend estimates. Overall even the highest replication designs considered had low power (< 80%) to conclude there was a non-zero trend even when simulated data represented trends equivalent to the population doubling or halving over ten years. The most cost-effective monitoring design varied among species and MRs, further highlighting that monitoring choices need to be location- and species-specific. A general finding, however, was that increasing the number of sites was almost always more beneficial than increasing the number of transects per site. Based on these results, I recommend that monitoring design planning focuses more specifically on assessments of precision and accuracy of estimated parameters, with less focus on power, as this places greater emphasis on interpreting monitoring data in terms of potential biological significance rather than testing for statistical significance. Monitoring can never achieve complete coverage of large areas therefore methods for extrapolating or predicting species or habitats to un-surveyed locations are necessary for evaluating large-scale spatial distributions. To address this I used modelling techniques to identify the spatial variation in species and habitats along the Wellington south coast, with a particular focus on elucidating the potential and realised effects of wave exposure. A wave simulation model (SWAN) was used to identify the spatial variation in wave exposure relevant to intertidal and subtidal communities. In particular the spatial variation in wave forces was compared to the distribution of two subtidal macroalgal species, Macrocystis pyrifera and Ecklonia radiata, taking into consideration the biomechanical thresholds of damage for these plants. Despite considerable wave forces during winter storms, healthy E. radiata is unlikely to be damaged, whilst larger (>15 m stipe length) M. pyrifera plants are likely to be damaged in certain locations dependent on local sheltering effects. Furthermore, the distribution of M. pyrifera from aerial imagery coincided with areas that were predicted to have lower wave forces, suggesting that the distribution of M. pyrifera may be related to wave exposure. I subsequently constructed species distribution models revealing the relationship between intertidal species distributions and environmental factors, as a predictive baseline of the current distributions of species. The abundances of Chamaesipho barnacle species were found to be best described by wave exposure, with increased cover correlated with increasing wave exposure, while contrasting patterns were observed for C. brunnea and C. columna with respect to distance from the harbour entrance, suggesting differential larval supply or differential responses to changing water column characteristics. Macroalgal assemblage composition was explained predominantly by wave exposure, with a rich macroalgal assemblage at the less exposed locations, and more exposed locations exhibiting a community consisting of coralline algal species and the large brown alga Durvillaea antarctica. The predictive models were then used to predict species distributions for a section of coastline demonstrating how this form of modelling can be used to maximise the potential of monitoring data. Finally, a literature keyword search along with methodological developments and results from previous chapters are used in the final chapter to develop a framework for the collection of data from the planning phase all the way through to long-term monitoring of MRs.</p>

Designing accurate and effective means for marine ecosystem monitoring incorporating species distribution assessments

<p>Monitoring marine ecosystems is essential for the conservation and management of marine biodiversity as it is central to the development of sustainable management practices and for assessing the effectiveness of the increasing number of marine reserves (MR) globally. Monitoring data are often collected in MRs to assess the state of natural marine systems in the absence of anthropogenic disturbance or to assess recovery of previously impacted species. In recent years, MR designation has attempted to move away from ad hoc approaches to MR establishment and towards using existing species distribution and abundance data to define protected areas. Given the logistics and cost of collecting biological data in the marine environment, effective methods are required to successfully demonstrate changes associated with MRs and to identify the spatial distribution of organisms and habitats for the planning of further MRs. The aim of this thesis was to identify effective protocols for the monitoring of fish and invertebrate species inside MRs in New Zealand, and to develop and apply methodologies to identify spatial distribution patterns relevant to marine spatial planning. Using baseline data of fish and invertebrate species abundances for the Taputeranga MR I performed prospective power analyses to identify the most cost-effective monitoring approach for subsequent monitoring. Based on before-after-control-impact (BACI) tests the power to conclude statistically that abundances were higher at MR sites was low for even large simulated changes in abundance (two-fold or four-fold increases) for most species. Due to differences in baseline abundance and spatio-temporal variance terms, power varied considerably among species, highlighting the difficulty of monitoring all species to the same degree, whilst also remaining cost-effective. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for temporally replicated survey designs as “one-off” surveys had much lower power than those that were temporally replicated. Longer term monitoring effectiveness was analysed using three long-term datasets from MRs in the South Island of New Zealand. I analysed the power of alternate underwater visual census (UVC) monitoring configurations to conclude statistically that there were increasing/decreasing trends in abundance, as well as the precision and accuracy of trend estimates. Overall even the highest replication designs considered had low power (< 80%) to conclude there was a non-zero trend even when simulated data represented trends equivalent to the population doubling or halving over ten years. The most cost-effective monitoring design varied among species and MRs, further highlighting that monitoring choices need to be location- and species-specific. A general finding, however, was that increasing the number of sites was almost always more beneficial than increasing the number of transects per site. Based on these results, I recommend that monitoring design planning focuses more specifically on assessments of precision and accuracy of estimated parameters, with less focus on power, as this places greater emphasis on interpreting monitoring data in terms of potential biological significance rather than testing for statistical significance. Monitoring can never achieve complete coverage of large areas therefore methods for extrapolating or predicting species or habitats to un-surveyed locations are necessary for evaluating large-scale spatial distributions. To address this I used modelling techniques to identify the spatial variation in species and habitats along the Wellington south coast, with a particular focus on elucidating the potential and realised effects of wave exposure. A wave simulation model (SWAN) was used to identify the spatial variation in wave exposure relevant to intertidal and subtidal communities. In particular the spatial variation in wave forces was compared to the distribution of two subtidal macroalgal species, Macrocystis pyrifera and Ecklonia radiata, taking into consideration the biomechanical thresholds of damage for these plants. Despite considerable wave forces during winter storms, healthy E. radiata is unlikely to be damaged, whilst larger (>15 m stipe length) M. pyrifera plants are likely to be damaged in certain locations dependent on local sheltering effects. Furthermore, the distribution of M. pyrifera from aerial imagery coincided with areas that were predicted to have lower wave forces, suggesting that the distribution of M. pyrifera may be related to wave exposure. I subsequently constructed species distribution models revealing the relationship between intertidal species distributions and environmental factors, as a predictive baseline of the current distributions of species. The abundances of Chamaesipho barnacle species were found to be best described by wave exposure, with increased cover correlated with increasing wave exposure, while contrasting patterns were observed for C. brunnea and C. columna with respect to distance from the harbour entrance, suggesting differential larval supply or differential responses to changing water column characteristics. Macroalgal assemblage composition was explained predominantly by wave exposure, with a rich macroalgal assemblage at the less exposed locations, and more exposed locations exhibiting a community consisting of coralline algal species and the large brown alga Durvillaea antarctica. The predictive models were then used to predict species distributions for a section of coastline demonstrating how this form of modelling can be used to maximise the potential of monitoring data. Finally, a literature keyword search along with methodological developments and results from previous chapters are used in the final chapter to develop a framework for the collection of data from the planning phase all the way through to long-term monitoring of MRs.</p>

Participatory process in environmental monitoring design: examples from the Port of Limassol

Sea transport and seaborne trade have increased significantly in the past few decades. As sea traffic hubs, ports have high risks because of the limitation in manoeuvrability, number of vessels, and land-based port activities. In the coastal city of Limassol, water and air pollution has been anecdotally attributed to port activities. The STEAM project (Sea Traffic Management in the Eastern Mediterranean, INTEGRATED/0916/0063, [1]) aims to set up a monitoring plan to aid in the identification and mitigation of pollution sources. The project followed a participatory process, where port stakeholders and scientists were consulted and included in the ideation, design and implementation process. This participatory process developed a greater sense of stakeholder ownership in the environmental monitoring programs and facilitated their adoption. According to the consultation process, air and water quality are the most important factors to monitor. Five static and one mobile multi-sensor monitoring stations make up the air quality monitoring design for the Port of Limassol. Three air quality stations were installed within the port area along with two stations near the anchorage area. Two environmental data buoys and two oil detectors make up the water quality monitoring stations. The oil detectors will be placed within the port. One environmental data buoy will be placed downstream of the port, while the second buoy will be placed between the port entrance, the Limassol Marina and the anchorage area.

The Design of a Track Monitoring System for Sports Injury Rehabilitation Training

To realize the remote monitoring design in the process of rehabilitation training for athletes after an injury using computer technology, using Visual Studio 2010 development platform, and using ASP as the development language, NET as the development framework, the injury rehabilitation of injured athletes for dynamic monitoring of information management system, and its functions, system architecture and other detailed design. This article identified six laboratory workers outside the sample as experimental subjects. The experimental subjects’ blood oxygen flow, degree, and rate were measured in the normal condition, and the pulse wave was recorded. Then, the upper and lower limbs rehabilitation training robot developed by the laboratory was used for about 15 minutes of rehabilitation training with 3-gear difficulty. The results show that the data measured by the system are the same as the data measured by the Lu Yue brand finger clip type YX301 blood oxygen saturation detector and meet the design requirements. Conclusion. The monitoring accuracy of the system is high, the resistance signal waveform is basically consistent with the actual waveform, and the monitoring effect is good.

A Case Study of Constraint Cross-Passage Construction in Urban Tunneling

The paper aimed at a detailed case study of cross-passage, which is forced to design and construct by connecting the station box and main tube tunnel of Marol Naka station in Mumbai Metro Line 3, since the marol Naka is densely populated area and elevated metro line is passing over an underground station, therefore further excavation of tunnel is done through the cross-passage. In these station, the cross- passage is constructed for public utilities for connecting the station box to the platform and also for the emergency exit. During tunnel construction, the cross passage is excavated after the main tunnel has been constructed. At the same time, the safety of the cross passage and the stability of the tunnel must be ensured by instrumentation and monitoring. Design of the cross- passage is achieved according to the principles of “New Austrian Tunnelling Method’ (NATM) and the composite lining structure is adopted. NATM is used to widen the station platform which is initially tunnelled by the TBM. The dimension of 230m long and 15m wide Marol Naka station has 16 cross-passages which are constructed connecting the station box to the platform; the observations and the designing part- Finite Element method is used in order to evaluate stress deformations induced on the cross-passage. Keywords: Cross passage, NATM, TBM, Finite element method, Marol Naka station, Emergency exit.

Fostering entrepreneurship: the crucial role of monitoring schemes

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of government-led programs on the engagement of individuals in entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThe authors worked with government-led programs of 16 European countries between 2003 and 2014 and were able to benefit from the 2008 natural experiment (i.e. the global financial crisis) to produce a robust investigation using a regression kink design (RKD).FindingsThe work shows that government-led programs that are designed to include monitoring schemes can significantly increase individuals' engagement in opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. The authors found that monitoring schemes do not have the same relevance for necessity-driven entrepreneurship. Therefore, the authors believe the difference occurs because monitoring design avoids problems related to moral hazard and adverse selection when it comes to individuals choosing whether to participate (or not) in government-led programs.Originality/valueWhile it is important for governments to provide an enabling environment for entrepreneurship, this study showed that not all types of public program have positive results. In fact, it has been demonstrated that poorly-designed programs can actually decrease the likelihood of individuals engaging in entrepreneurial activities. The efficiency of programs is substantially improved, however, when they are designed to include monitoring schemes.