Optimal Key Handover Management for Enhancing Security in Mobile Network

The 3GPP long term Evolution or System Architecture Evolution (LTE/SAE) was designed for the dispositioning of the mobile networks towards 4G. The significant hurdle of 4G is about cementing the privacy and security gap. Due to the disclosures in the connectivity of public networks, a single malicious device could jeopardize the operation of a whole network of devices. The key deliverance handling within the 3GPP LTE/SAE is developed to unauthorize the keys that are being attacked and, in result, to alienate the miscreant keys off the chain of network. The proposed article recognizes the attacks that jeopardize the safe connectivity among the stops in the network chain and details the vulnerability of the key deliverance administration to desynchronization attacks. Even though the periodic upgrade of the root could prove to be a fundamental part of the system, the work proposed brings an emphasis on reducing the impact of desynchronization attacks which currently are unable to be prevented efficiently. The main focus of the design is to shed light on the ways the network operators work to confirm the optimal intervals for the periodic updates to reduce the signal weightage while providing secure user mobility. The analysis and model simulations intend to disclose the influence of the period of root key upgrade on integral operational levels such as constellation and user experience.

Realization of LTE physical layer baseband processing architecture for narrowband IOT

The 3GPP Long Term Evolution represents the major innovation in cellular technology. NB-IoT is the 3GPP standard for machine to machine communication finalized within LTE Release13. NB-IoT technology occupies frequency band of 180 kHz bandwidth which corresponds to one resource block in LTE transmission. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) supports higher data rates, higher bandwidth, Low latency, good Quality of Service whereas objective of Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB - IOT) is to achieve extended coverage, to support massive number of smart devices and have multi - year long battery life. So the main focus is linking LTE with IOT. The objective of this paper proposes transmitter architecture of PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) and PUSCH(Physical uplink Shared Channel) in SISO and SIMO configurations for physical uplink channels of LTE. The physical uplink and downlink channel processing involves scrambling, modulation, layer mapping, transform precoding, and resource element mapping at the transmitter and the receiver block to have demapping from the resource elements and detection of data. At present, the data for on-off control has been worked and the whole framework has been simulated using Modelsim and implemented in Spartan 6.

Machine Learning-Based Robust Watermarking Technique for Medical Image Transmitted Over LTE Network

This paper discusses a safe and secure watermarking technique using a machine learning algorithm. In this paper, the propagation of a watermarked image is simulated over the third-generation partnership project (3GPP)/long-term evolution (LTE) downlink physical layer. The watermark data are scrambled and a transform domain-based hybrid watermarking technique is used to embed this watermark into the transform coefficients of the host image and transmitted over the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) downlink physical layer. Support vector machine (SVM) is used as a classifier for the classification of non-region of interest (NROI) and region of interest (ROI) in a medical image. The result achieved in this experiment revealed that a 10−6 bit error rate (BER) value is realizable for a greater value of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR; i.e. more than 10.4 dB of SNR). The peak SNR (PSNR) of the received cover image is more than 35 dB, which is acceptable for clinical applications.

Energy Consumption Analysis of D2D Communication in 5G Systems: Latest Advances in 3GPP Standardization

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the future fifth generation (5G) system that can be seen as “network of networks”, consisting of multiple seamlessly integrated radio access technologies (RATs). Public safety communications, autonomous driving, social-aware networking, and infotainment services are example use cases of D2D technology. High data rate communications and use of several active air interfaces in the described network create energy consumption challenges for both base stations and the end user devices. In this paper, we review the status of 3GPP standardization and define a set of application scenarios. We use the recent models of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiFi interfaces in analyzing the power consumption both from the infrastructure and user device perspectives. The results indicate that the number of active interfaces should be minimized.

An envelope tracking RF power amplifier with capacitive charge pump modulator

An envelope tracking (ET) radio frequency (RF) power amplifier (PA) is described intended for handsets and applications where a large number of PAs are needed. Instead of the usual split frequency architecture, a linear tracking charge pump structure is proposed. This allows the supply voltage of an RF PA to increase during the peaks of a high peak-to-average power ratio signal. When combined with an LDMOS RF PA, 42.9% efficiency was achieved at 31.3 dBm output power (POUT) when amplifying a 5 MHz bandwidth 8 dB PAPR 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) long term evolution signal. The first channel adjacent power ratio (ACPR) without digital pre-distortion was −30.4 dBc, meeting the 3GPP handset emission mask. The ACPR could be improved to −32.5 dBc by adopting a curved envelope shaping function at a reduced efficiency of 38.9%.

VoLTE Performance in Railway Scenarios

GSM-Railways (GSM-R) is the current standard for railway voice and data communication. GSM-R provides railway specific voice services, such as Railway Emergency Call (REC). GSM-R provides also the European Train Control System (ETCS), which offers in-cab signaling and Automatic Train Protection (ATP). Despite these features and services, GSM-R has various major shortcomings. Therefore, alternative technologies are considered to replace GSM-R and become the next generation railway mobile communication network. 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a likely candidate for GSM-R replacement. LTE is more efficient, flexible and offers much higher capacity, which allows the railway network to provide new communication-based applications for railways. Most of the research on LTE in railways has been focused on data-based railway applications (ETCS signaling and other). Nevertheless, voice communication is still a crucial service for railways. Regardless of its advantages, LTE can only become a railway communication technology if it provides voice communication fulfilling railway requirements. This paper presents how Voice over LTE (VoLTE) can be used to build railway communication services. Examples of Railway Emergency Call and One-to-One Call are provided. Service performance, in terms of call setup times and voice transmission quality, is analyzed in simulation scenarios modelling two railway scenarios in Denmark.

An Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

The purpose of the current chapter is the presentation of the basic characteristics of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. With the rapid dispatch of LTE deployments and the upgraded mobile user experience that it delivers, LTE is clearly emerging as a successful technology for mobile communications. LTE features a simplified network architecture, higher performance and lower cost per bit. This chapter indicates the main characteristics and developments of LTE and a part is devoted mainly to system architecture. Furthermore, a description of the standardization process within 3GPP is provided. We will also introduce Release 10 (LTE Advanced), one of the leading technologies for next-generation mobile broadband. Currently 3GPP is in the closing stage of LTE Release 11. Thus, we will also perform a comprehensive comparison between the two Releases. Finally, an important issue that will be mentioned is the interworking of LTE with other technologies. The presented information will help readers to understand how LTE has evolved and the functionality of 3GPP technologies.