Landscape Perception Identification and Classification Based on Electroencephalogram (EEG) Features

This paper puts forward a new method of landscape recognition and evaluation by using aerial video and EEG technology. In this study, seven typical landscape types (forest, wetland, grassland, desert, water, farmland, and city) were selected. Different electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were generated through different inner experiences and feelings felt by people watching video stimuli of the different landscape types. The electroencephalogram (EEG) features were extracted to obtain the mean amplitude spectrum (MAS), power spectrum density (PSD), differential entropy (DE), differential asymmetry (DASM), rational asymmetry (RASM), and differential caudality (DCAU) in the five frequency bands of delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. According to electroencephalogram (EEG) features, four classifiers including the back propagation (BP) neural network, k-nearest neighbor classification (KNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) were used to classify the landscape types. The results showed that the support vector machine (SVM) classifier and the random forest (RF) classifier had the highest accuracy of landscape recognition, which reached 98.24% and 96.72%, respectively. Among the six classification features selected, the classification accuracy of MAS, PSD, and DE with frequency domain features were higher than those of the spatial domain features of DASM, RASM and DCAU. In different wave bands, the average classification accuracy of all subjects was 98.24% in the gamma band, 94.62% in the beta band, and 97.29% in the total band. This study identifies and classifies landscape perception based on multi-channel EEG signals, which provides a new idea and method for the quantification of human perception.

Canalized urban rivers

The Biriguizinho Stream, like so many other urban rivers, has undergone changes over the years, with the correction of its banks, channeling and suppression of its source. These measures were seen as the most adequate to enable the urban growth of Birigui-SP. However, with the passage of time and expansion without predetermined guidelines, episodes of flooding occur in the region of the aforementioned stream, overloaded with the runoff of rainwater from a large part of the city. The purpose of this article is to analyze the factors that contribute to flooding on the banks of the Biriguizinho stream, in the city of Birigui/SP, with the aim of proposing green infrastructure solutions that mitigate or definitively affect floods, avoiding risky situations. The methodological procedures adopted include readings on the themes of urban rivers, landscape, perception, risks, and green infrastructure, in addition to observation of the study area.

Impact of Artificial Elements on Mountain Landscape Perception: An Eye-Tracking Study

The landscape is an essential resource for attracting tourists to a destination, but this resource has long been overused by tourism development. Tourists and scholars have begun noticing the interference of human structures in the natural environment and how this can change the meaning of a landscape. In this study, the impact of artificial elements on mountain landscapes was investigated by measuring the characteristics of visual perception and a landscape value assessment using eye-tracking analysis. Furthermore, this study includes socio-demographic features for testing whether they have an impact on landscape perception. The results show that human structures impact both visual perception and the perceived value of landscapes. Hotels and temples attract more visual attention than a purely natural landscape. Modern hotels appear to have a negative influence on mountain landscape valuation, while temples with unique culture have positive impacts. Socio-demographic groups differ significantly in how they observe landscape images and, to a degree, how they value the landscape therein. Our study should be of value to landscape planning and tourism policy making.

Urban Landscape and Horror Vacui, spectacularity of a distorted perception

In this paper, the very original urban landscape perception caused by the emergency after the 2020’ New CoronaVirus Pandemic event will be discussed and analyzed. Most of the approaches conducted on social media and on the newspaper have pointed to putting in evidence the spectacular empty cities “as never seen before”, which thing is absolutely correct and underlines a unique condition otherwise almost impossible to experience. In fact, the total lock-down caused by the emergency made it impossible to move from a view of the urban landscape to another, where most of the people were able to see such an emptiness only for their own town, maybe just for their own neighbourhood and maybe just from some lucky windows. The global condition will be watched only composing together the pictures exhibited online and in the newspaper. But … … … A specific set of images, created in the days of the emergency will comment and describe the content of the paper.

Impact of Displacement Phenomena on Landscape Identity: Application of Cultural Values Model

The research attempted to discover the impact of displacement phenomena on the identity of landscape, by using Janet Stephenson’s Cultural Values Model to study and analyze cultural landscapes. The model was chosen due to its universality, simplicity and embodiment of the relational concept of landscape perception and evaluation. The result of landscape evaluation depends on the characteristics of both landscape and observer, as well as on the relation of the object and subject. In order to understand the complexity and diversity of landscape and its identity, these were analyzed through a ternary system, consisting of forms, practices, and relationships, i.e. what is seen, what is happening and what it means to those who see and use it. The research represents a feasible and pragmatic approach to understand the complexity of landscape and its identity, by tracing back their retrospective changes due to the impact of displacement phenomena – a shift of objects, behaviours or relationships. Through this theoretical and methodological model, multiple universal correlational patterns were developing, in which the three components encountering the displacement behave and interact with each other, leading to an ambiguous impact on landscape identity and the socio-cultural quality of the human living environment. By studying and time-tracking different landscape cases that experienced major displacements from around the world to one of landscape’s systemic components, the research results show some regular patterns in landscape identity changes, and how its structural tangible and intangible system performs and effects in creating, or destroying landscape identity, defying the limits of spatial and historical context.

Mapping Landscape Perception: An Assessment with Public Participation Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Analysis Techniques

Mapping cognitive landscape perception is hindered by the difficulty of representing opinions that are spatially distributed in a heterogeneous way or not restricted by the locations of physical elements in the landscape. In recent years, the use of tools based on geographic information techniques has gained momentum in landscape assessment. We propose a methodology for generalizing cognitive landscape opinions on a spatial basis. To this end, we used a public participatory geographic information system to collect data, which is a method based on bipolar adjectives to approach users’ opinions, and the inverse distance weighted spatial interpolator and multi-criteria evaluation to undertake the spatial analysis. The study was conducted in the Ebro Delta, which is a protected wetland in northeastern Spain. The assessment was based on 1593 georeferenced opinions and resulted in a continuous geographic map of 330 km2 depicting positive and negative perceptions about the landscape. The area under study was perceived as productive, interesting, attractive, and, for the most part, quiet and peaceful, although it was seen as dirty in some parts. The method successfully mapped cognitive landscape opinions and establishes a novel procedure in landscape approaches.

Visual Design of Landscape Architecture Based on High-Density Three-Dimensional Internet of Things

Since different equipment manufacturers may define a set of data transmission protocols of their own types, the high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape garden landscape platform needs to provide a unified data transmission interface for the business system. It needs to complete the analysis, storage, and reformatting of different data transmission protocols on the high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape service platform. In this paper, based on the conversion analysis between the MLD model of the landscape perception layer of the high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape and the automata scheduling model, the conversion of the MLD model of the entire landscape perception layer of the high-density three-dimensional IoT landscape and the automata scheduling model is realized. Based on the hierarchical automata high-density three-dimensional Internet of Things landscape, this paper studies the global task scheduling and control automata model and the local scheduling automata model in the task, as well as the landscape perception layer rapid scheduling mechanism of independent scheduling strategy. This can be used for different levels of systems to ensure that the perception layer system is orderly, reliable, and fast. They complete the construction of jdk environment, web server, Mongo DB server, MQTT server, JMS server, etc., on the cloud platform. Combined with the landscape, a set of test platforms was built to test the functions and performance indicators of the visualization system cloud platform. The test results show that the cloud platform can realize cross-platform terminal access, end-to-end instant messaging, heterogeneous data processing and storage, etc. It has strong scalability and high processing performance and has application and reference value.