FORMULASI DAN UJI EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN GEL HANDSANITIZER EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% DAUN COCOR BEBEK (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.)

Daun cocor bebek berpotensi dikembangkan menjadi sediaan antibakteri. Peningkatan keefektifitasan dalam pemanfaatan potensi ekstrak daun cocor bebek dapat dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan yang praktis dan mudah. Penelitian ini diawali dengan proses pembuatan ekstrak etanol daun cocor bebek menggunakan alat maserator dan etanol 96% sebagai pelarut. Ekstrak daun cocor bebek diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan diformulasikan dalam sediaan gel dengan penambahan CMC Na 0,5%. Formulasi dilakukan pengujian fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji daya sebar, pH dan uji daya lekat. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa formulasi sediaan gel handsanitizer ekstrak etanol 96% daun cocor F2 dan F3 bebek memenuhi syarat sebagai sediaan gel handsanitizer.

Transgenic Kalanchoë blossfeldiana, Containing Individual rol Genes and Open Reading Frames Under 35S Promoter, Exhibit Compact Habit, Reduced Plant Growth, and Altered Ethylene Tolerance in Flowers

Reduced growth habit is a desirable trait for ornamental potted plants and can successfully be obtained through Rhizobium rhizogenes transformation in a stable and heritable manner. Additionally, it can also be obtained by transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring specific genes from R. rhizogenes. The bacterial T-DNA harbors four root oncogenic loci (rol) genes and 14 less known open reading frames (ORFs). The four rol genes, i.e., rolA, rolB, rolC, and rolD, are conceived as the common denominator for the compact phenotype and the other less characterized ORFs seem auxiliary but present a potential breeding target for less aberrant and/or more tailored phenotypes. In this study, Kalanchoë blossfeldiana ‘Molly’ was transformed with individual rol genes and selected ORFs in 35S overexpressing cassettes to comprehensively characterize growth traits, gene copy and expression, and ethylene tolerance of the flowers. An association of reduced growth habit, e.g. height and diameter, was observed for rolB2 and ORF14-2 when a transgene single copy and high gene expression were detected. Chlorophyll content was reduced in overexpressing lines compared to wild type (WT), except for one ΔORF13a (a truncated ORF13a, where SPXX DNA-binding motif is absent). The flower number severely decreased in the overexpressing lines compared to WT. The anthesis timing showed that WT opened the first flower at 68.9 ± 0.9 days and the overexpressing lines showed similar or up to 24 days delay in flowering. In general, a single or low relative gene copy insertion was correlated to higher gene expression, ca. 3 to 5-fold, in rolB and ΔORF13a lines, while in ORF14 such relation was not directly linked. The increased gene expression observed in rolB2 and ΔORF13a-2 contributed to reducing plant growth and a more compact habit. Tolerance of detached flowers to 0.5 μl L−1 ethylene was markedly higher for ORF14 with 66% less flower closure at day 3 compared to WT. The subcellular localization of rolC and ΔORF13a was investigated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal images showed that rolC and ΔORF13a are soluble and localize in the cytoplasm being able to enter the nucleus.

Cultivo de Kalanchoe blossfeldiana em diferentes substratos contendo resíduos de erva-mate

Em busca de uma agricultura de baixo impacto ambiental, o objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo de Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. (calandivas) cultivar Amora, submetidas a diferentes substratos contendo na sua composição resíduos de erva-mate. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos compostos pelas diferentes misturas do substrato comercial e o resíduo de erva-mate compostada, obtendo as composições: S1: 100% substrato comercial (SC); S2: 50% SC + 50% resíduo de erva-mate (REM); S3: 25% SC + 75% REM; S4: 75% SC + 25% REM e S5: 100% REM, com cinco repetições, cada unidade experimental foi constituída por um vaso de planta. Analisou-se as variáveis quanto à altura das plantas e comprimento radicular, diâmetro das inflorescências, número de flores e folhas e massa fresca radicular. Observou-se que o desenvolvimento das plantas de calandivas foi similar com as diferentes combinações contendo o substrato comercial e o resíduo de erva-mate. No entanto, o substrato contendo apenas com os resíduos de erva-mate não é recomendado para esse cultivo. Por fim, recomenda-se para o cultivo de calandivas em vasos o uso do substrato composto de 50% substrato comercial + 50% resíduo de erva-mate (S2).

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy).

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is probably the most popular and widely cultivated Kalanchoe species. It is often planted as an indoor potted plant and as an outdoor ornamental. This species has escaped from cultivation and can be found naturalized in disturbed and waste areas near cultivation. Currently it is listed as invasive in the Dominican Republic, Chile and the Galapagos Islands.

Antimicrobial Activity of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and Paederia foetida Plant Leaves’ Extracts Against Some Selected Bacterial Strains

There is an alternative approach to control the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, especially resistant bacteria. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial activities of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and Paederia foetida plants’ extracts against some selected bacterial strains. K. blossfeldiana and P. foetida leaves were extracted in methanol. In vitro antibacterial activities were evaluated against 12 bacterial strains including, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus sciuri, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus iniae, Aeromonas diversa, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Siccibacter colletis, Edwardsiella anguillarum, Aeromonas cavernicola, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, and Vibrio rotiferianus. Antimicrobial activities were screened by the disk diffusion method. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth dilution method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 statistical software. In antimicrobial screening, both the plant extracts showed highest inhibition (15 mm zone diameter) against S. gallinarum at the concentration of 20 μg/disk and 15 μg/disk, respectively. In the MIC test, both K. blossfeldiana and P. foetida leaves’ extracts showed the lowest MIC value of 100 μg/ml on V. rotiferianus and S. iniae, respectively. From the above findings, it can be concluded that the extracts may be used as a natural antibacterial agent for the treatment of some bacterial diseases. Further investigations on the chemical composition and possible isolation of active ingredients are warranted.