Relationship between the high-amplitude magnetic anomalies and serpentinized fore-arc mantle in the Cascadia subduction zone

A zone of significant high-amplitude magnetic anomalies is observed without a comparable gravity high along the Cascadia margin and is spatially correlated with the low-velocity fore-arc mantle wedge, which is understood to be serpentinized fore-arc mantle and is further considered to be the main source of the high-amplitude magnetic anomalies. To test this hypothesis, the magnetization-density ratio (MDR) is estimated along the Cascadia margin to highlight the physical characteristics of serpentinization (reduced density and increased magnetization). Interestingly, high MDR values are found only in central Oregon, where slab dehydration and fore-arc mantle serpentinization (50%-60% serpentinization) are inferred in conjunction with sparse seismicity. This result may indicate either poorly serpentinized fore-arc mantle (low degree of serpentinization) or that the fore-arc mantle is deeper than the Curie temperature isotherm for magnetite in northern and southern Cascadia. I thus propose that serpentinized fore-arc mantle may not be the major contributor to the high-amplitude magnetic anomalies in these segments. This finding means that magnetic anomaly highs and serpentinized fore-arc mantle may not be completely positively related in subduction zones. On the other hand, the MDR pattern reveals the segmentation of the Cascadia subduction zone, which is consistent with several previous observations.

A review on spectral analysis of magnetic data for depth estimation

Spectral analysis has been used for studying a variety of geological structures and processes, such as estimation of the depth to the crystalline basement or of the Curie temperature isotherm from magnetic anomalies. However, the analysis is not standard, as it refers to different theoretical frameworks, such as statistical ensembles of homogeneous sources and uncorrelated or fractal random distributed sources. In this review, we aim to unify the approaches by reformulating all the common spectral expressions in the form of a product between a depth-dependent exponential factor and a factor, which we call the spectral correction factor, that incorporates all of the a priori assumptions for each method. This kind of organization might be useful for practitioners to quickly select the most appropriate method for a given study area. We also establish a new formula for extending the Spector and Grant method to the centroid depth estimation. Practical constraints on the depth estimation and intrinsic assumptions/limitations of the different approaches are examined by generating synthetic data of homogenous ensemble sources, random and fractal models. We address the statistical uncertainty of depth estimates using ordinary error propagation on the spectral slope. Critical parameters, such as the window size, are also analyzed in terms of the type of method used and of the geological complexity. We find that the window size is smaller for the centroid/modified centroid methods and larger for the spectral peak, de-fractal, and nonlinear parameter depth estimation methods. In any case, the window size can be large in tectonically stable regions and relatively small over volcanically, tectonically, and geothermally active areas. We finally estimate and discuss the depth to magnetic top and bottom in the Adriatic Sea region (eastern Italy) in the context of heat flow, Moho depth, and gravity data of the region.

Adsorption of methylene blue on corncob charcoal: Thermodynamic studies

To obtain the thermodynamic properties of adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on corncob carbonaceous adsorbents - untreated (UCC) and acid treated (TCC) - their equilibrium adsorption was determined between 10 o– 40o C at different pH conditions. The adsorption isotherms were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models. The point of zero charge of each of the adsorbents was also determined. The point of zero charge was 10.58 ±0.09 for TCC, and 7.55 ± 0.10 for UCC. Only Freundlich model could account for the observed thermodynamic properties of MB adsorption by the adsorbents, though Temkin and Langmuir models have higher correlation coefficients. MB adsorption by TCC was an entropically driven process which depends on pH;ΔSo at pH 10.5 < ΔSo at pH 8.0 <ΔSo at pH 12.0. The ΔHo of the endothermic process at pH 12 is > ΔHo at pH 8 > ΔHo at pH 10.5. The results suggest that MB adsorption by the adsorbents occur by physisorption and is optimum when the pH is around the point of zero charge. It is important to ensure that in addition to fitting and equilibrium adsoption data by an isotherm model, the fit of the relevant equilibrium parameter should also be good and give thermodynamic quantities that could satisfactorily account for the observed adsorption properties of the system. Deciding the suitability of an isotherm model for fitting adsorption equilibrium experiment based on compared error function of the fitted curves or lines through single temperature isotherm could lead to erroneous conclusion. Keywords: adsorption, adsorbent; methylene blue; enthalpy; entropy; Freundlich

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION TO ESTIMATE THE CURIE POINT DEPTH, HEAT FLOW AND GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT IN SOKO AND ANKPA, BENUE TROUGH NIGERIA

This work presents the interpretation of the aeromagnetic data over Soko and Ankpa area using spectral analysis method. The study area was divided into eight (8) equal spectral blocks in order to estimate the depth to the top boundary, centroid, Curie point depth, heat flow and geothermal gradient of the study area. The result of the analysis shows the range of the depths to the top boundary and centroid varies between 1.085 to 1.984 km and 6.151 to 8.730 km respectively. The Curie temperature isotherm ranges between 11.112 km and 15.476 km and the geothermal gradients associated with it ranges from 39.967 and 52.196 0 𝐶⁄𝑘𝑚. The corresponding values of heat flow ranges from 93.697 𝑚𝑊𝑚􀀀 and 130. 49􀀁 𝑚𝑊𝑚􀀀. From this analysis, it was observed that areas with high geothermal gradient correspond to high heat flow and an inverse relationship exists between the heat flow and the Curie point depth. With the high geothermal gradient especially at the southeastern part of the study area, there is a possibility of enough geothermal energy for exploration in order to boost and generate clean energy for electricity.

An Equation of State for Metals at High Temperature and Pressure in Compressed and Expanded Volume Regions

A simple equation of state model for metals at high temperature and pressure is described. The model consists of zero-temperature isotherm, thermal ionic components, and thermal electronic components, and is applicable in compressed as well as expanded volume regions. The three components of the model, together with appropriate correction terms, are described in detail using Cu as a prototype example. Shock wave Hugoniot, critical point parameters, liquid–vapor phase diagram, isobaric expansion, etc., are evaluated and compared with experimental data for Cu. The semianalytical model is expected to be useful to prepare extended tables for use in hydrodynamics calculations in high-energy-density physics.

Well drilling in permafrost regions: dynamics of the thawed zone

In the cold regions, warm mud is usually used to drill deep wells. This mud causes formation thawing around wells, and as a rule is an uncertain parameter. For frozen soils, ice serves as a cementing material, so the strength of frozen soils is significantly reduced at the ice–water transition. If the thawing soil cannot withstand the load of overlying layers, consolidation will take place, and the corresponding settlement can cause significant surface shifts. Therefore, for long-term drilling or oil/gas production, the radius of thawing should be estimated to predict platform stability and the integrity of the well. It is known that physical properties of formations are drastically changed at the thawing–freezing transition. When interpreting geophysical logs, it is therefore important to know the radius of thawing and its dynamics during drilling and shut-in periods. We have shown earlier that for a cylindrical system the position of the phase interface in the Stefan problem can be approximated through two functions: one function determines the position of the melting-temperature isotherm in the problem without phase transitions, and the second function does not depend on time. For the drilling period, we will use this approach to estimate the radius of thawing. For the shut-in period, we will utilize an empirical equation based on the results of numerical modelling.

Experimental investigation and finite element simulation of AISI 304 during electro discharge machining

In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric thermal model using finite element method (FEM) has been established for predicting the temperature distribution profile on the work piece during electro discharge machining (EDM) and obtained material removal rate (MRR) from the temperature isotherm. For prediction of MRR, the model utilizes some important features viz. size and shape of the heat source (Gaussian heat distribution), thermal properties of workpiece, amount of heat distribution among the dielectric fluid, workpiece and tool, material flushing efficiency and pulse off/on time, etc. ANSYS software was used for developing the thermal model for the single spark operation. For this investigation, AISI 304 stainless steel and tungsten carbide was used as workpiece and electrode material, respectively. A comparison study has been carried out for theoretical and experimental MRR for the effect of each process parameter viz. gap voltage, pulse on time and peak current. The temperature distribution along the radial and depth direction of the workpiece has been reported. The model was validated by comparing the theoretical MRR with the experimental MRR and found a good correlation between them.

Adsorption of propan-1-ol vapour on Sorbonorit 4 activated carbon – equilibrium and dynamic studies

The study examined the adsorption of propan-1-ol (1PN) vapour on Sorbonorit 4 (S4) activated carbon in cyclic Electrothermal Temperature Swing Adsorption (ETSA) process. Dynamic adsorption capacity and breakthrough time were determined based on column studies. Thomas model was used to describe experimental breakthrough curves. Adsorption isotherms for 1PN vapour on S4 activated carbon were tested at 293 to 413 K. The experimental data were examined by using three multi-temperature isotherm models: Toth, Sips and hybrid Langmuir-Sips. Results indicate that S4 activated carbon is a heterogeneous adsorbent and the hybrid Langmuir-Sips model provides the best-fit experimental data. The energy requirement for 1PN electrothermal desorption from S4 bed (ca. 170–200 kJ/mol) was about 3 to 3.5 times larger than the isosteric heat of adsorption (56.8 kJ/mol), which was calculated using Toth adsorption isotherm.

High-pressure phase transitions in the rare-earth orthoferrite LaFeO3

Sequential Rietveld refinements were applied on high-pressure synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction measurements of lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO3) revealing two phase transitions on the room-temperature isotherm up to a pressure of 48 GPa. The first structural phase transition of second order occurs at a pressure of 21.1 GPa, changing the space group fromPbnmtoIbmm. The second transition, involving a isostructural first-order phase transition, occurs at approximately 38 GPa, indicating a high-spin to low-spin transition of the Fe3+ion. Following the behavior of the volume up to the hydrostatic limit of methanol–ethanol it was possible to use inverted equations of state (EoS) to determine a bulk modulus ofB0= 172 GPa and a corresponding pressure derivative ofB′0= 4.3. In addition, the linearized version of the inverted EoS were used to determine the corresponding moduli and pressure derivatives for each lattice direction.