Route to Cost-Effective Fabrication of Wafer-Scale Nanostructure through Self-Priming Nanoimprint

Nanoimprint technology is powerful for fabricating nanostructures in a large area. However, expensive equipment, high cost, and complex process conditions hinder the application of nano-imprinting technology. Therefore, double-layer self-priming nanoimprint technology was proposed to fabricate ordered metal nanostructures uniformly on 4-inch soft and hard substrates without the aid of expensive instruments. Different nanostructure (gratings, nanoholes and nanoparticles) and different materials (metal and MoS2) were patterned, which shows wide application of double-layer self-priming nanoimprint technology. Moreover, by a double-layer system, the width and the height of metal can be adjusted through the photoresist thickness and developing condition, which provide a programmable way to fabricate different nanostructures using a single mold. The double-layer self-priming nanoimprint method can be applied in poor condition without equipment and be programmable in nanostructure parameters using a single mold, which reduces the cost of instruments and molds.

Reflected cracks buildups surveying and process simulation in double-layer asphalt-concrete systems

The paper studies the matters of multilayer asphalt-concrete systems cracking resistance, specifically we investigated the occurrence and development causes and peculiarities of the reflected cracks. In this study was examined the highways’ state of repair and the prerequisites for the defects formation on the pavement were determined, as well as the regional road structure operation aspect. The authors studied from every angle the causes of internal and external asphalt concrete pavements defects and deformations. The most popular filling of cracks technologies and restoring the pavement are were discussed in this paper, also the experience of roads repairing in the western part of Russia, Europe, and the USA was investigated. The determination results of the formation and develop-ment defects rate on the surface of the operated roads are presented in this article. Cracks in double-layer samples of finegrained asphalt concrete were simulated in laboratory conditions. A prototype model of 10 cm height and diameter were made by molding and densifying in layers, and a crack was laid in the lower layer of the prototype. Af-ter densifying samples were tested for compression. The physical modeling results analysis allows us to assume the dependence between the presence (or ab-sence) of pavement internal defects and the structural solidity. Mathematical modeling of the operation of a double-layer system was performed in the GenIDE32 software package to confirm the hypothesis. Evaluation of the stress-strain state by the finite element method showed the presence of system weakening characteristics zones around the defect area. There is increasing inter-nal stresses and deformations around the crack in a double-layer system, as well as a decrease in the overall system strength (stability). In the end, conclusions about the influence of asphalt-concrete pavement internal defects on the reflected cracks formation pro-cess were drawn.

Interpretation of AF-DF protocols for FitureMulti Layer-IDMA

In this article, we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance in a cooperative relay communication system for multilateral IDMA (ML-IDMA) using the maximum ratio combination (MRC) technique. ). ). We investigate the effect of the number of lines on performance and find the average error rate in bits of the AF relay scheme (Amplify and Forward) using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the relay connection in closed form. The proposed system for evaluating ML-IDMA performance is provided with a different number of layers and a different number of relays in an ML-IDMA cooperative environment. The simulation results show that the BER performance of a 4-relay IDMA double layer system (K = 2) is approximately 4 dB. In addition, the bandwidth saving is 50%. Ultimately, BER performance deteriorates as the number of layers increases and the proposed system increases bandwidth by approximately 1/K.

Oceanic warm cloud layers within multilevel cloud systems observed by satellite measurements

<p>Low-level warm clouds are a major component in multilayered cloud systems and are generally hidden from the top-down view of satellites with passive measurements. By using spaceborne radar data with fine vertical resolution, this study conducts an investigation on oceanic warm clouds embedded in multilayered structures. The occurrences of warm cloud overlapping and the geometric features of several kinds of warm cloud layers are examined. It is found that there are three main types of cloud systems that involve warm cloud layers, including warm single layer clouds, cold-warm double layer clouds and warm-warm double layer clouds. The two types of double layer clouds account for 23% and in the double layer occurrences warm-warm double layer subsets contribute about 13%. The global distribution patterns of these three types differ from each other. Single-layer warm clouds and the lower warm clouds in the cold-warm double layer system have nearly identical geometric parameters, while the upper and lower layer warm clouds in the warm-warm double layer system are distinct from the previous two forms of warm cloud layers. In contrast to the independence of the two cloud layers in cold-warm double layer system, the two kinds of warm cloud layers in the warm-warm double layer system may be coupled. The distance between the two layers in the warm-warm double layer system is weakly dependent on cloud thickness. Given the upper and lower cloud layer with moderate thickness around 1 km, the cloudless gap reaches its maximum exceeding 600 m. As the two cloud layers become even thinner or thicker, the cloudless gap decreases in thickness. It is believed that such knowledge on cloud overlapping is critical for fully understanding the distribution of warm clouds in three-dimensional space. The results derived in this study could help validating cloud results of numerical models, which are indeed three-dimensional in nature. They could also be used to improve the estimation of cloud radiative forcing, since it is affected by cloud occurrences and especially their vertical structures. It should be pointed out that solid explanations for the above cloud features cannot be presented by only using these satellite data themselves. </p>

Glutamate detection at the cellular level by means of polymer/enzyme multilayer modified carbon nanoelectrodes

Carbon nanoelectrodes in the sub-micron range were modified with an enzyme cascade immobilized in a spatially separated polymer double layer system for the detection of glutamate at the cellular level.

Characteristics of Oceanic Warm Cloud Layers within Multilevel Cloud Systems Derived by Satellite Measurements

Low-level warm clouds are a major component in multilayered cloud systems and they are generally hidden from the top-down view of satellites with passive measurements. This study conducts an investigation on oceanic warm clouds embedded in multilayered structures by using spaceborne radar data with fine vertical resolution. The occurrences of warm cloud overlapping and the geometric features of several kinds of warm cloud layers are examined. It is found that there are three main types of cloud systems that involve warm cloud layers, including warm single layer clouds, cold-warm double layer clouds, and warm-warm double layer clouds. The two types of double layer clouds account for 23% and in the double layer occurrences warm-warm double layer subsets contribute about 13%. The global distribution patterns of these three types differ from each other. Single-layer warm clouds and the lower warm clouds in the cold-warm double layer system they have nearly identical geometric parameters, while the upper and lower layer warm clouds in the warm-warm double layer system are distinct from the previous two forms of warm cloud layers. In contrast to the independence of the two cloud layers in cold-warm double layer system, the two kinds of warm cloud layers in the warm-warm double layer system may be coupled. The distance between the two layers in the warm-warm double layer system is weakly dependent on cloud thickness. Given the upper and lower cloud layer with moderate thickness of around 1 km, the cloudless gap reaches its maximum when exceeding 600 m. The cloudless gap decreases in thickness as the two cloud layers become even thinner or thicker.

Plasmon modes in graphene — GaAs heterostructures at finite temperature

This paper is to investigate the dispersion relation and decay rate of plasmon modes in a double layer system made of monolayer graphene (MLG) and infinite GaAs quantum well at finite temperature within the generalized random-phase-approximation and taking into account the 2DEG layer-thickness and the inhomogeneity of the background dielectric. Calculations demonstrate that when the quantum well width increases, the acoustic (AC) plasmon frequency decreases dramatically, but the optical (OP) one seems unchanged. In addition, the results also illustrate that the temperature and separated distance affect significantly both AC and OP plasmon modes of the system. Finally, the dielectric of the background acts strongly on the OP plasmon curve while carrier density in two layers and exchange-correlation effects only lead to remarkable changes for the acoustic one.

Plasmon modes in bilayer-graphene–GaAs heterostructures including layer-thickness and exchange-correlation effects

We investigate the dispersion relation and decay rate of plasmon modes in a double-layer system made of bilayer graphene (BLG) and infinite GaAs quantum well at zero-temperature within the generalized random-phase-approximation and taking into account the 2DEG layer-thickness and inhomogeneity of the background dielectric. We illustrate that the acoustic plasmon dispersion curve of the considered system differs significantly from that of monolayer graphene (MLG)–GaAs heterostructure and BLG–GaAs without layer-thickness. Calculations also demonstrate that meanwhile the optical plasmon curve is affected slightly by spacer width and exchange-correlation, the acoustic one depends remarkably on the interlayer distance, inhomogeneity of the background dielectric, carrier densities, spacer dielectric constant, quantum well width and exchange-correlations.

Plasmon modes in Dirac–Schrödinger hybrid electron systems including layer-thickness and exchange-correlation effects

We calculate the plasmon dispersion relation and damping rate of collective excitations in a double-layer system consisting of monolayer graphene and GaAs quantum well at zero temperature including layer-thickness and exchange-correlation effects. We use the generalized random-phase-approximation dielectric function and take into account the nonhomogeneity of the dielectric background of the system. We show that the effects of layer thickness, electron densities, and exchange-correlations are more pronounced for acoustic modes, while the optical branch depends remarkably on dielectric constants of the contacting media.