Study of Quantization of Space-Time Explains Matter and Its Aspects

By quantizing space-time in such a way that I can calculate all of the constants of physics and derive and explain every equation therein. The magnetic field appears when the electric field seems to travel faster than c. The same way an “anti-gravity” perpendicular field appears, totally depended on relative velocities, since the electric and gravitational forces are made of the micro field lines and are different aspects of the same force [1]. The “gravitational” perpendicular force can be repellant, when masses travel in the same direction, (massive distant galaxies repel enlarging the universe, new current mass just being released) and it can be attractive (opposite spiral arms moving in opposite directions, combined with a super-massive black hole). The recent detection of gravity waves, is clear evidence for all of this since these waves need a perpendicular field, like electro-magnetic waves. The magnetic style of the perpendicular field, at extremely high can cause matter and dark to interact

FRBs Lensed by Point Masses. II. The Multipeaked FRBs from the Point View of Microlensing

The microlensing effect has developed into a powerful technique for a diverse range of applications including exoplanet discoveries, structure of the Milky Way, constraints on MAssive Compact Halo Objects, and measurements of the size and profile of quasar accretion disks. In this paper, we consider a special type of microlensing events where the sources are fast radio bursts (FRBs) with ∼milliseconds (ms) durations for which the relative motion between the lens and source is negligible. In this scenario, it is possible to temporally resolve the individual microimages. As a result, a method beyond the inverse ray shooting method, which only evaluates the total magnification of all microimages, is needed. We therefore implement an algorithm for identifying individual microimages and computing their magnifications and relative time delays. We validate our algorithm by comparing to analytical predictions for a single microlens case and find excellent agreement. We show that the superposition of pulses from individual microimages produces a light curve that appears as multipeaked FRBs. The relative time delays between pulses can reach 0.1–1 ms for stellar-mass lenses and hence can already be resolved temporally by current facilities. Although not yet discovered, microlensing of FRBs will become regular events and surpass the number of quasar microlensing events in the near future when 104−5 FRBs are expected to be discovered on a daily basis. Our algorithm provides a way of generating the microlensing light curve that can be used for constraining stellar-mass distribution in distant galaxies.

Cosmological Expansion Rate–Various Measurement Results and Interpretation

Different values of the Hubble constant for extragalactic objects are not considered here. We give a number of examples of the extreme accordance of expansion rates of different fields of knowledge with the cosmological expansion rate. The coincidence of the expansion rates means that a common cause is almost inevitable. All these examples are gravitationally bound in themselves and in this case are subject to cosmological expansion. According to standard theory, this should not happen. We therefore question the common boundary of gravity and expansion for both theoretical and observational reasons and conclude that all gravitationally dominated objects participate in cosmological expansion or scale drift, contrary to general doctrine. The space expands with its contents while numerically maintaining distance, radius, rotation time and density. What is generally interpreted as an expansion is obviously a scale drift with a drift rate that corresponds to the size of the Hubble constant. The Earth is subject to expansion and scale drift. This results in numerically constant measured values. This drift apparently also applies to distant galaxies and other objects. The cosmological red shift is not interpreted here as a Doppler effect and numerical increase in distances, but in accordance with standard theory as an expansion or drift of the space-time scale. The expansion of the radii of galaxies makes the assumption of dark matter superfluous. The continents and our everyday environment are not subject to expansion or scale drift.

The diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in star-forming galaxies: the influence of aperture effects on local H ii regions

ABSTRACT The diffuse ionized gas (DIG) contributes to the nebular emission of galaxies, resulting in emission line flux ratios that can be significantly different from those produced by H ii regions. Comparing the emission of [SII]λ6717,31 between pointed observations of H ii regions in nearby galaxies and integrated spectra of more distant galaxies, it has been recently claimed that the DIG can also deeply affect the emission of bright, star-forming galaxies, and that a large correction must be applied to observed line ratios to recover the genuine contribution from H ii regions. Here, we show instead that the e?ect of DIG on the integrated spectra of star-forming galaxies is lower than assumed in previous work. Here we show that, in contrast, aperture effects on the spectroscopy of nearby H ii regions are largely responsible for the observed difference: When spectra of local H ii regions are extracted using large enough apertures while still avoiding the DIG, the observed line ratios are the same as in more distant galaxies. This result is highly relevant for the use of strong-line methods to measure metallicity.

Assessing the sources of reionisation: a spectroscopic case study of a 30× lensed galaxy at z ∼ 5 with Lyα, C iv, Mg ii, and [Ne iii]

We present a detailed spectroscopic analysis of a galaxy at z ≃ 4.88 that is, by chance, magnified ∼30 × by gravitational lensing. Only three sources at z ≳ 5 are known with such high magnification. This particular source has been shown to exhibit widespread, high equivalent width ${\rm C\, {\small IV}}\, \lambda \, 1549$ emission, implying it is a unique example of a metal-poor galaxy with a hard radiation field, likely representing the galaxy population responsible for cosmic reionisation. Using UV nebular line ratio diagnostics, VLT/X-shooter observations rule out strong AGN activity, indicating a stellar origin of the hard radiation field instead. We present a new detection of ${[\rm Ne\, {\small III}]}\, \lambda \, 3870$ and use the [Ne iii]/[O ii] line ratio to constrain the ionisation parameter and gas-phase metallicity. Closely related to the commonly used [O iii]/[O ii] ratio, our [Ne iii]/[O ii] measurement shows this source is similar to local “Green Pea” galaxies and Lyman-continuum leakers. It furthermore suggests this galaxy is more metal poor than expected from the Fundamental Metallicity Relation, possibly as a consequence of excess gas accretion diluting the metallicity. Finally, we present the highest redshift detection of ${\rm Mg\, {\small II}}\, \lambda \, 2796$, observed at high equivalent width in emission, in contrast to more evolved systems predominantly exhibiting Mg ii absorption. Strong Mg ii emission has been observed in most z ∼ 0 Lyman-continuum leakers known and has recently been proposed as an indirect tracer of escaping ionising radiation. In conclusion, this strongly lensed galaxy, observed just 300 Myr after reionisation ends, enables testing of observational diagnostics proposed to constrain the physical properties of distant galaxies in the JWST/ELT era.

Introduction to Special Issue: The Mutual Influence of Religion and Science in the Human Understanding and Exploration of Outer Space

When considering the exploration of outer space people typically think about technology, engineering, physics, and the use of the scientific method to understand what is out there, beyond the Earth’s atmosphere, from the nearby Moon to distant galaxies only visible through the use of high-powered telescopes [...]