Artificial Intelegence PENERAPAN KASUS ALGORITMA ASCENT HILL CLIMBING DALAM PERMAINAN PUZZLE 8

Puzzle game is a game that shifts numbers from a box consisting of nine boxes. Eight boxes must have values arranged in numerical order starting from numbers 1 to 8. Puzzle games can produce the correct sequence according to the initial state provided that they follow the rules established rules. Completion of this game using a heuristic method, using the Ascent hill Climbing algorithm. The working process of the Ascent hill Climbing method is a process of looking for several possible solutions in order to get the optimal value for solving the problem by arranging the values from the position of the smallest value to the position of the largest value. The problem that is often experienced in this case is a lack of user knowledge in the concept of puzzle game rules so that search results are difficult to find,with this method it can make it easier to solve puzzle game cases by following the game rules and done systematically so that Goals are quickly found. The Goal results obtained are in the form of steps in the process of finding a solution and calculating the time required in the search to find a solution.

Spatialization in Working Memory and its Relation to Math Anxiety

Working memory (WM) is one of the most important cognitive functions that may play a role in the relation between math anxiety (MA) and math performance. The processing efficiency theory proposes that the rumination and worrisome thoughts (induced by MA) result in less available WM resources (which are needed to solve math problems). At the same time, high MA individuals have lower verbal and spatial WM capacity in general. Extending these findings, we found that MA is also linked to the spatial coding of serial order in verbal WM: Subjects who organize sequences from left-to-right in verbal WM show lower levels of MA compared to those who do not spatialize. Furthermore, these spatial coders have higher verbal WM capacity, better numerical order judgement abilities and higher math scores. These findings suggest that that spatially structuring the verbal mind is a promising cognitive correlate of the MA and opens new avenues for exploring causal links between elementary cognitive processes and the MA.

Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in the Canonical and the Reverse Distance Effect and Their Selective Association With Arithmetic and Mathematical Competencies

Understanding the relationship between symbolic numerical abilities and individual differences in mathematical competencies has become a central research endeavor in the last years. Evidence on this foundational relationship is often based on two behavioral signatures of numerical magnitude and numerical order processing: the canonical and the reverse distance effect. The former indicates faster reaction times for the comparison of numerals that are far in distance (e.g., 2 8) compared to numerals that are close in distance (e.g., 2 3). The latter indicates faster reaction times for the ordinal judgment of numerals (i.e., are numerals in ascending/descending order) that are close in distance (e.g., 2 3 4) compared to numerals that are far in distance (e.g., 2 4 6). While a substantial body of literature has reported consistent associations between the canonical distance effect and arithmetic abilities, rather inconsistent findings have been found for the reverse distance effect. Here, we tested the hypothesis that estimates of the reverse distance effect show qualitative differences (i.e., not all participants show a reverse distance effect in the expected direction) rather than quantitative differences (i.e., all individuals show a reverse distance effect, but to a different degree), and that inconsistent findings might be a consequence of this variation. We analyzed data from 397 adults who performed a computerized numerical comparison task, a computerized numerical order verification task (i.e., are three numerals presented in order or not), a paper pencil test of arithmetic fluency, as well as a standardized test to assess more complex forms of mathematical competencies. We found discriminatory evidence for the two distance effects. While estimates of the canonical distance effect showed quantitative differences, estimates of the reverse distance effect showed qualitative differences. Comparisons between individuals who demonstrated an effect and individuals who demonstrated no reverse distance effect confirmed a significant moderation on the correlation with mathematical abilities. Significantly larger effects were found in the group who showed an effect. These findings confirm that estimates of the reverse distance effect are subject to qualitative differences and that we need to better characterize the underlying mechanisms/strategies that might lead to these qualitative differences.

EXPRESS: Order Processing of Number Symbols is Influenced by Direction, but not Format

This study probed the cognitive mechanisms that underlie order processing for number symbols, specifically the extent to which the direction and format in which number symbols are presented influence the processing of numerical order, as well as the extent to which the relationship between order processing and mathematical achievement is specific to Arabic numerals or generalisable to other notational formats. Seventy adults who were bilingual in English and Chinese completed a Numerical Ordinality Task, using number sequences of various directional conditions (i.e., ascending, descending, mixed) and notational formats (i.e., Arabic numerals, English number words, and Chinese number words). Order processing was found to occur for ascending and descending number sequences (i.e., ordered but not non-ordered trials), with the overall pattern of data supporting the theoretical perspective that the strength and closeness of associations between items in the number sequence could underlie numerical order processing. However, order processing was found to be independent of the notational format in which the stimuli were presented, suggesting that the psychological representations and processes associated with numerical order are abstract across different formats of number symbols. In addition, a relationship between the processing speed for numerical order and mathematical achievement was observed for Arabic numerals and Chinese number words, and to a weaker extent, English number words. Together, our findings have started to uncover the cognitive mechanisms that could underlie order processing for different formats of number symbols, and raise new questions about the generalisability of these findings to other notational formats.

DEVELOPMENT OF PADDY-FIELD WATER LEVEL GAGE CORRESPONDING TO A SENSOR-NETWORK

This study proposes a measurement system that comprises an e-Tape water level sensor, Arduino and XBee. The system was considered a success because of the linear relation between measured voltage signals and water depths obtained by it. This linearity was essential because Arduino does not have non-linear calculation ability. As a result, the numerical order of RMSE in measuring water depth using this system was obtained as 3.52 mm. For measuring water consumption for 1 day at the standard scale of paddy fields in Japan, water consumption can be estimated using the system below non-flowing water surfaces. However, when there is water flow, it will be difficult to estimate water consumption because discharge errors may be cumulative.

Does Location Uncertainty Modulate Unconscious Processing Under Continuous Flash Suppression?

Previous research suggests that selective spatial attention is a determining factor for unconscious processing under continuous flash suppression (CFS), and specifically, that inattention toward stimulus location facilitates its unconscious processing by reducing the depth of CFS (Eo et al., 2016). The aim of our study was to further examine this modulation-by-attention model of CFS using a number priming paradigm. Participants (N = 26) performed a number comparison task on a visible target number (“compare target to five”). Prime-target pairs were either congruent (both smaller or larger than five) or incongruent. Spatial attention toward the primes was varied by manipulating the uncertainty of the primes’ location. Based on the modulation-by-attention model, we hypothesized the following: In trials with uncertain prime location, RTs for congruent prime-target pairs should be faster than for incongruent ones. In trials with certain prime location, RTs for congruent versus incongruent prime-target pairs should not differ. We analyzed our data with sequential Bayes factors (BFs). Our data showed no effect of location uncertainty on unconscious priming under CFS (BF0+ = 5.16). However, even visible primes only weakly influenced RTs. Possible reasons for the absence of robust number priming effects in our study are discussed. Based on exploratory analyses, we conclude that the numerical order of prime and target resulted in a response conflict and interfered with the predicted priming effect.

A Piecewise Polynomial Harmonic Nonlinear Interpolatory Reconstruction Operator on Non Uniform Grids—Adaptation around Jump Discontinuities and Elimination of Gibbs Phenomenon

In this paper, we analyze the behavior of a nonlinear reconstruction operator called PPH around discontinuities. The acronym PPH stands for Piecewise Polynomial Harmonic, since it uses piecewise polynomials defined by means of an adaption based on the use of the weighted Harmonic mean. This study is carried out in the general case of nonuniform grids, although for some results we restrict to σ quasi-uniform grids. In particular we analyze the numerical order of approximation close to jump discontinuities and the elimination of the Gibbs effects. We show, both theoretically and with numerical examples, that the numerical order is reduced but not completely lost as it is the case in their linear counterparts. Moreover we observe that the reconstruction is free of any Gibbs effects for sufficiently small grid sizes.

Quantitative and qualitative differences in the canonical and the reverse distance effect and their selective association with arithmetic and mathematical competencies

Understanding the relationship between symbolic numerical abilities and individual differences in mathematical competencies has become a central research endeavor in the last years. Evidence on this foundational relationship is often based on two behavioral signatures of numerical magnitude and numerical order processing: the canonical and the reverse distance effect. The former indicates faster reaction times for the comparison of numerals that are far in distance (e.g., 2 8) compared to numerals that are close in distance (e.g., 2 3). The latter indicates faster reaction times for the ordinal judgment of numerals (i.e., are numerals in ascending/descending order) that are close in distance (e.g., 2 3 4) compared to numerals that are far in distance (e.g., 2 4 6). While a substantial body of literature has reported consistent associations between the canonical distance effect and arithmetic abilities, rather inconsistent findings have been found for the reverse distance effect. Here, we tested the hypothesis that estimates of the reverse distance effect show qualitative differences (i.e., not all participants show a reverse distance effect in the expected direction) rather than quantitative differences (i.e., all individuals show a reverse distance effect, but to a different degree), and that inconsistent findings might be a consequence of this variation. We analyzed data from 397 adults who performed a computerized numerical comparison task, a computerized numerical order verification task (i.e., are three numerals presented in order or not), a paper pencil test of arithmetic fluency, as well as a standardized test to assess more complex forms of mathematical competencies. We found discriminatory evidence for the two distance effects. While estimates of the canonical distance effect showed quantitative differences, estimates of the reverse distance effect showed qualitative differences. Comparisons between individuals who demonstrated an effect and individuals who demonstrated no reverse distance effect confirmed a significant moderation on the correlation with mathematical abilities. Significantly larger effects were found in the group who showed an effect. These findings confirm that estimates of the reverse distance effect are subject to qualitative differences and that we need to better characterize the underlying mechanisms/strategies that might lead to these qualitative differences.

An Enhanced Bidirectional Insertion Sort Over Classical Insertion Sort

Sorting is a technique which is used to arrange the data in specific order. A sorting technique is applied to rearrange the elements in numerical order as ascending order or descending order or for words in alphabetical order. In this paper, we propose an efficient sorting algorithm known as Enhanced Bidirectional Insertion Sorting algorithm which is developed from insertion sort concept. A comparative analysis is done for the proposed Enhanced Bidirectional Insertion Sort algorithm with the selection sort and insertion sort algorithms. When compared to insertion sort algorithm the proposed algorithm outperforms with less number of comparisons in worst case and average case computing time. The proposed algorithm works efficiently for duplicated elements which is the advanced improvement and the results are proved.

Ontology of Semantics in Information Technologies

The article analyzes ontological possibilities of the meaning of information setting. For this, a modern approach of information technologies is considered in relation to setting the meaning of textual information. At the same time, the problem of setting the meaning of number and the meaning of word (text) is formulated, which is discussed from the perspective of an ontological approach based on the solution of the problem of being, where the ontology of semantics is the result of such a solution. As the ontology itself, a relational ontology is chosen, the initial position of which is the thesis: “to be” means “to be distinctive”. Based on this, information is defined as the result of ontological distinction, which allows mathematical formalization through the operation of subtraction, which expresses the essence of ontological distinction. This in turn allows to build constantly a numerical order of the meanings of any information, including textual, while the meaning of the information is its place in such a numerical range. Such a method, called Relational method, leads to an exact numerical specification of the meaning of any information, and by dignity of this numerical form, the meanings of any information can be easily input into a computer with subsequent processing and operation of these senses.