Violência doméstica contra a mulher em tempos de Isolamento Social ante a Pandemia de Covid-19 /Domestic Violence Against Women in Times of Social Isolation due to the Covid-19 Pandemic

Resumo: O mundo está vivendo um momento pandêmico, que tem causado um verdadeiro caos na saúde, bem como que tem impactado negativamente nos mais diversos setores sociais, mais especificamente a economia e serviços de saúde e educação.Em razão da facilidade com a qual o vírus se propaga, o Governo tem determinado medidas de isolamento social, que limitam os locais de circulação, serviços que podem funcionar, bem como sugerem que as pessoas permaneçam em suas casas, saindo apenas para suprir necessidades essenciais. O isolamento social, embora medida de proteção da população, parece ter aumentado consideravelmente os casos de violência contra as mulheres. Este estudo analisa as causas da violência contra as mulheres no período pandêmico da Covid-19, no Brasil, à partir de dados da literatura. Os resultados demonstraram um aumento da violência doméstica contra a mulher no período da pandemia de covid-19, embora seja este um problema social com raízes profundas. Portanto, a modificação desse cenário vai requerer muito esforço e comprometimento de todos os envolvidos, inclusive politicas sociais mais efetivas, visando minimizar o quadro da violência contra as mulheres, atualmente vigente no país.Palavras-chave: Violência doméstica; Isolamento social; Pandemia de Covid-19.---Abstract: The world is going through a pandemic moment, which has caused a literal chaos in the health industry, as well as negatively impacted diverse social sectors, more specifically the economy and health and education services. Due to the ease with which the virus spreads, the Government has determined social isolation measures, limiting the circulation, services that can work, as well as suggesting that people remain in their homes, leaving only to fulfill essential needs . Social isolation, although a measure of protection for the population, seems to have considerably increased cases of violence against women. This study analyzes the causes of violence against women in the Covid-19 pandemic period in Brazil, based on literature data. The results showed an increase in domestic violence against women during the covid-19 pandemic period, although this is a social problem with deep roots. Therefore, changing this scenario will require a lot of effort and commitment from everyone involved, including more effective social policies, aimed at minimizing the situation of violence against women, currently in force in the country. Keywords: Domestic violence; Social isolation; Covid-19 pandemic.

Enacting Safety and Omitting Gender: Australian Human Rights Scrutiny Processes Concerning Alcohol and Other Drug Laws

Global momentum for drug law reform is building. But how might such reform be achieved? Many argue that human rights offer a possible normative framework for guiding such reform. There has been very little research on whether human rights processes can actually achieve such aims, however. This paper responds to this knowledge gap. It explores how one human rights mechanism—the “parliamentary rights scrutiny process”—deals with alcohol and other drugs. We consider how four Australian parliaments scrutinized proposed new laws that would deal with alcohol and other drugs for their human rights “compatibility.” We find that laws that would limit the rights of people who use alcohol and other drugs were routinely seen as justifiable on the basis that alcohol and other drugs were inherently “unsafe.” Crucially, safety was conceptualized in a gender-neutral way, without regard to the potential role of gender, including specific masculinities, in the production of phenomena such as family violence and sexual violence and other public safety problems. Instead, such problems were regularly constituted as consequences, simply, of alcohol or other drug consumption. In making this argument, we build on the pioneering work of David Moore and colleagues (e.g., 2020). Their work asks important questions about how the causes of violence are constituted across different settings, including research and policy. Drawing on ideas from scholars such as Carol Bacchi and John Law, they identify “gendering practices” and “collateral realities” in research and policy on violence, in which the role of men and masculinities are routinely obscured, displaced or rendered invisible. We find similar problems underway within human rights law. In highlighting these gendering practices and collateral realities, we aim to draw attention to the limitations of some human rights processes and the need for more work in this area.

CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECT OF YOUTH VIOLENCE

There is no society and time epoch in the development of a civilization that was not characterized by violence and aggression. Once upon a time it was justified as a global and desirable characteristic of a society and a state, today, aggression and violence is a phenomenon that should be opposed in all ways. Incriminated in almost all laws of modern states, violent behavior and aggression require a multidisciplinary approach in explanation, etiology, phenomenology, and ways of confrontation. The aim of this paper is to point out the problem of youth violence, which is expanding and which affects all aspects of children's existence, starting with the family, school, social environment and society as a whole. The consequences of violent and aggressive behavior of young people will also be discussed, regardless of whether they are in the role of the perpetrator of a violent crime or a victim, as well as the possibilities and needs of preventive action. We will try to answer several important questions regarding youth violence, such as: are young people more victims of violence or committing acts of violence themselves, what are the main causes of violence among young people and what are the most common forms of youth violence.

Violence in Mexico: the politicides in Puebla from 2010-2020

This paper argues that the decision making of the political class is one of the main causes of violence and poverty, by presenting statistics that show the evolution of violence in the state of Puebla, Mexico, evidencing manifestations of violence: kidnappings, extortions and murders in the political class. The method used in the process is of a mixed type, used to collect and present statistical data and, through inferential analysis, project their future behavior, thus seeking a change in their behavior, which gives it a normative character. Among the main results, there is evidence of a rise in politicides in Puebla, normalizing violence within the population, this leads to identify a dystopia, following Lorenzo Meyer "the negative aspects of the exercise of power dominate to an extreme degree "(Meyer, 2017, p. 13). There remains for discussion the need to reinterpret the scope of violence, which, although it may reflect a sense of defense, the evidence shows the opposite. In this way, a reflection is drawn on the risks of such violence and the possibilities of turning the state apparatus into a failed one.

Violence, War, and Capital Punishment in For the Life of the World: Toward a Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church

In response to the challenges presented by violence, war, and capital punishment, For the Life of the World: Toward a Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church argues that foundational liturgical, canonical, and spiritual resources invite the Church to manifest a foretaste of the fullness of God’s peace amidst the brokenness of a world that remains tragically inclined toward taking the lives of those who bear the divine image and likeness. It also summons the Church to engage people and power structures toward the end of enacting practical reforms that ameliorate the underlying causes of violence, a task especially urgent in light of the powerful weapons and technologies employed by governments today. While reflecting distinctive Orthodox sensibilities on the topics it addresses, the document also presents points of commonality with other Christian traditions of theological and moral reflection, especially concerning the obligation to take realistic initiatives in peacemaking.

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE QUESTION OF CHILD VIOLENCE IN UKRAINE

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of domestic and foreign researches of the problem of violence and abuse of children; the concept of “violence” is substantiated; the semantic content of the leading concepts of the problem is revealed. The signs and types of violence against a child are highlighted and systematized. The causes of violence against a child are analyzed, as the commitments of violence, especially against children, become widespread nowadays.To solve the defined tasks, a set of research methods are used in the article, they include: analysis of philosophical, sociological, psychological and pedagogical literature, synthesis, comparison, systematization, generalization to substantiate the starting points of the study, identify the nature and risk factors for violence against children.It has been investigated and determined that the problem of violence does not arise by itself, it also brings other problems. There are many reasons for violence, it can be: social, economic factors; factors that determine the structure of the family and the model of communication in it; factors related to the identity of the parents, the child, etc.Violence is divided into the following main types: physical, psychological, sexual, and economic or neglect of the basic needs of the child. Each of these types has its own typical features in the set of which a psychologist or educator can identify children who have become victims of violence.The risk factors for violence against a child are described: socio-economic risk factors, risk factors related to the model of communication and family structure, risk factors due to the personality of the parents.It has been emphasized that a child who has become victim of violence suffers serious injuries and may become in the future a potential aggressor both for the society and his own immediate environment. According to the results of the study, we can conclude that it is important to implement a mandatory program of work with a child victim of violence, so that he could overcome this problem, get rid of fear, anxiety, emotional shock, and return to life as a psychologically healthy personality.Key words: violence, child, abuse, types of violence, risk factors. У статті здійснено комплексний аналіз вітчизняних і зарубіжних напрацювань з проблеми насильства та жорстокого поводження щодо дитини; обґрунтовано поняття «насильство»; розкрито змістове наповнення провідних понять проблеми. Висвітлено та систематизовано ознаки, види насильницьких дій щодо дитини. Проаналізовано причини виникнення насильства щодо дитини, оскільки скоєння насильства, особливо до дітей, набуває зараз надзвичайно великого масштабу.Для розв’язання визначених задач у статті використано комплекс методів дослідження, який вклю-чав аналіз філософської, соціологічної, психологічної та педагогічної літератури, синтез, порівняння, систематизацію, узагальнення задля обґрунтування вихідних положень дослідження, виявлення сутності та факторів ризику виникнення насильства щодо дитини.Досліджено та визначено, що проблема насильства не виникає сама по собі, їй передують інші. Причин виникнення насильства дуже багато, це можуть бути соціальні, економічні фактори; фактори, що обумовлені структурою сім’ї та моделлю спілкування у ній; фактори, що пов’язані з особистістю батьків, самої дитини тощо.Поділяється насильство на такі основні види, як фізичне, психологічне, сексуальне, економічне або нехтування основними потребами дитини. Кожен із цих видів має свої типові ознаки, в сукупності яких психологу чи педагогу можна визначити дітей, що стали жертвами насильства.Охарактеризовано фактори ризику виникнення насильства щодо дитини, такі як соціально-економічні фактори ризику, фактори ризику, що пов’язані з моделлю спілкування та структурою сім’ї, фактори ризику, що обумовлені особистістю батьків.Акцентовано увагу на тому, що дитина, яка стала жертвою насильства, зазнає надзвичайно важких травм, а в майбутньому сама може стати потенційним агресором для суспільства та свого близького оточення. За результатами дослідження можемо дійти висновку, що важливим є впровадження обов’язкової програми роботи з дитиною, що стала жертвою насильства, щоб вона змогла подолати цю проблему, позбутися страху, переживань, емоційних потрясінь та повернутись до життя як психологічно здорова особистість.Ключові слова: насильство, дитина, жорстоке поводження, види насильства, фактори ризику.

Breaking the Cycle: Women’s Perceptions of the Causes of Violence and Crime in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, and Their Strategies for Response and Prevention

Crime and violence are serious issues in informal settlements around the world. To date, there is a dearth of evidence about the causes of and effective strategies for reducing and preventing violence and crime in informal settlements in cities in the Global South. Additionally, women’s voices are often absent from research focused on violence and crime prevention and reduction in informal settlements. The purpose of this study, therefore, was (1) to identify potential causes of violence and crime in informal settlements, as perceived by women living in Mathare informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya and (2) to highlight residents’ strategies for response and prevention. Fifty-five in-depth and walk-along interviews were conducted with women living in Mathare in 2015-2016. A modified grounded theory approach was used to guide data collection and analysis. The most common contributor to violence and crime identified by women in Mathare was idle youth, but leadership and government challenges, corruption and/or inadequacy of police, community barriers, tribalism, and lack of protective infrastructure also emerged as contributing factors. Despite facing many economic, environmental, and day-to-day challenges, women in Mathare identified violence and crime as predominant issues; thus, developing effective response and prevention strategies to these issues is paramount. Women discussed many strategies and initiatives to reduce and prevent violence and crime in informal settlements, but also identified barriers to implementing them. Findings suggest there is a need for trust-building between formal and informal sectors of the community, systems of accountability, and long-term investment to foster sustainable and effective violence and crime response and prevention in these settlements.

State Violence in Brazil: Execution, Slaughter, and Disappearance in the Post-Authoritarian Era

In this chapter, the authors seek to analyse the manifestations of state violence in Brazil in the post-transition period following the 1964-1985 authoritarian regime. First, some of the possible causes of violence in the country are briefly discussed, highlighting elements of a structural nature and others related to the legacy of the authoritarian period. In a second section, the so-called May Crimes of 2006, are examined, in which execution, slaughter, and disappearance took place. A third section of the chapter examines the process of social mobilisation that occurred as a response to these crimes, particularly the strategy used by the families of victims to appeal to the Inter-American human rights system to seek justice after frustrated efforts for investigation and justice within the country.

Pengalaman Kekerasan pada Pedagang Kaki Lima di Indonesia

This study aims is to describe about the violence experience against street vendors in Indonesia including the causes of violence, forms of violence and street vendors' experience responses to the violence. This research uses qualitative methods with collecting data techniques from literature studies such as ,notes, books, papers or articles, journals and so on. The research results showed that the causes of street vendor violence are related to the class that have more power and the class that have less power. The power in question is the power or strength that a person has to do what he wants. The forms of violence experienced by street vendors can be identified into three forms based on Galtung's theory, including direct violence that can be seen such as physical, verbal and sexual violence, then the second is structural violence, namely violence that is not perpetrated by individuals but is hidden in a structure both smaller and smaller structures. broader structure, then the third is cultural violence, namely the symbolic space that exists in the cognition system and can be a driving force for both direct and structural violence. PKL responses to the violence they experience are divided into two, namely resisting and not resisting.