The role of resources in recombinations and the degree of novelty of products

Objective of the study: To explain the characteristics and dynamics of resources and recombinations associated with developing products with low and high novelty.Methodology/Approach: The method was an integrative review of the literature on recombinant innovation. It included a creative synthesis that resulted in a theoretical model. Originality/Relevance: The research addresses topics the literature neglects, like explaining which resources and recombinations and why could relate to high or low product novelty.Main results: Certain features of resources (i.e., heterogeneity, specificity, accessibility) with high and low levels may differently influence costs, variety, and frequency of recombinations and, in turn, product novelty. To develop highly novel products, tangible resources, and internally produced new resources may be essential, as knowledge by itself may not be sufficient.Theoretical contributions: Different resource characteristics and their influence on recombinations may help explain whether a product will have low or high novelty. By going beyond the novel recombinations, the research expands the literature's understanding of recombinations and product novelty.Managerial contributions: Companies could assess ex ante which degree of product novelty besides types and costs of recombinations would result from their pools of resources. This assessment would make innovation more efficient for companies with fewer resources, like may occur in emerging markets.

POPULATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF RECREATIONAL AND TOURIST POTENTIAL

The article defines the directions that it is recommended to assess the role of the population in the formation of recreation and tourism activities (RTA). It is proved the need to investigate the role of the population in the RTA in two main directions: 1) as a subject of recreational and tourist systems in its relation to their media (objects); 2) combined - as a subject and component of the object of recreational and tourist systems. The population forms the flows of recreation and tourists, developing relevant structures and mechanisms for their recreational and tourist service, organizes directions and fields of economic and non-economic activities that ensure the recreational needs of the population, creates a specialized recreation infrastructure, develops and implements a variety of functional and territorial organization of recreation and tourism, forms at the national and international level of territorial division of labor. In order to evaluate the recreational potential of a separate plot or object usually consider not the entire nomenclature of conditions and resources, but only a characteristic or typical combination. Each territory, each object of recreation and tourism has its own set (complex) of resource characteristics. And this circumstance greatly facilitates the procedure for a comprehensive assessment of recreational potential due to elimination (allocation) of a characteristic complex of terms and resources of RTA. A similar situation arises for a functional assessment of recreational potential. The valuation of conditions and resources are not developed for a general list of species and forms of RTA, but for those that are distributed in this area in this locality. It is determined that among the numerous characteristics and indicators of recreational potential, the concept of recreational and tourist attractiveness is one of the objective indicators of resource potential. Estimation of recreational potential for quantitative indicators of recreation and tourists and their numerical and spatial distributions creates an objective basis for all other characteristics and indicators of RTD. Another important characteristic of the recreational potential, which forms the population as a factor of RTA is a recreation capacity of territories and objects of RTA. The concept of "recreational capacity" is related to "recreational attractiveness". Attractiveness characterizes recreational territories and objects for their attraction, according to real flows of recreation and tourists. Recreational capacity is intended to set the upper limits of such attractiveness. Attractiveness represents the actual use of a recreational resource, and the capacity indicates its critical level of recreation, which does not lead to degradation of this resource. In recreational geography, tourism and planning of territories, this direction is well known and extremely designed. The indicators of recreational capacities for certain types and recreation forms and recreations - beach baths, short-term rest in green zones, anthropogenic load of resort zones and areas of the natural reserve fund, maximum population density in various functional zones of the big city, etc. At the same time, the zonal principles of assessing the recreational capacity of objects and areas of recreation and tourism have not yet been developed, and this actual problem is waiting for its researchers. The population forms a so-called anthropogenic load on the territory, and its economic activity is man-made load. Anthropogenic-technogenic load is considered as a factor of recreational and tourist activities, in turn, indicators of anthropogenic-technogenic load are the original characteristics of "anti-resource" of recreation potential. The article has proven that in the context of the study of the prerequisites for the development of recreation and tourist activities of the region also need to analyze both the quality of life of the population, in addition to the assessment of this indicator have a high contrast and diversity in the country. Key words: population, recreational and tourist potential, attractiveness of recreational territories, anthropogenic-technogenic load, quality of life of the population.

Suppression of decarbonization and resource characteristics of carbonated spinel-corundum refractories in steel-ladle lining

Experimental studies of changes in the pore structure and physical and technical properties of carbonated spinel-corundum refractories under different conditions of decarbonization and the formation of a protective regulatory layer on their hot surface, suppressing decarbonization of the refractory material and mass transfer between the lining and the flow of slag melt, are presented. The results of industrial tests of carbonated spinel-corundum refractories in the working layer of the lining of a 400-ton steel-ladle lining, as well as the topography and consumption specific coefficients of refractories for the functional zones of the ladle lining, the amount of refractory destruction products of the lining during its operation are considered.

Resource characteristics of the alternating current plasma torch "Zvezda"

The article presents the results of the study of material entrainment (erosion) of the most heatstressed nodes of the three-phase alternating current plasma torch "Zvezda" of megawatt power: electrodes and confusers. The data on entrainment were obtained by weighing the studied nodes after their cycles of operation at fixed modes. Air was used as the working fluid. The operating modes of the plasma torch varied in the ranges of arc power 0.5–1.2 MW, cur-rents 160–400 A, gas flow 70–170 g/s. When using different output nozzles, the pressure in the plasma torch varied from 0.2 to 1.65 MPa. The influence of various parameters of the operat-ing mode on the service life of the plasma torch is shown. Using the obtained data on the ero-sion of electrodes and confusers, their resource was evaluated.

Simulation Model of an Oil Refinery with a Complex Scheme of Equipment Interaction

The article presents the developed simulation model of an oil refinery. The feature of model is the use of agent-based and discrete-event modelling methods. Another feature is applying heuristic optimization technique to find the best values of key production and resource characteristics of oil refinery equipment interacting within the framework of a complex production scheme to build a refinery plant that provides a deep refining level. At the same time, the objective function of the system is the profit of refinery plant, which takes into account both the sale revenue of petroleum products and operating expenditure. The proposed model is implemented in the AnyLogic system and allows, in particular, maximising the profit of refinery plant at various restrictions, including the volumes of petroleum products supplies required to perform contractual obligations at specified times.