Compound adjectives in the Erzya and Hungarian languages

Introduction. Compounding is one of the leading ways to update vocabulary. A compound word is the result of combining two or more meanings at the lexical-semantic, word-formation, syntactic levels, which determines versatile approaches to its study, including comparative-historical. The purpose of the research is a comparative historical study of compound adjectives of the Erzya and Hungarian languages. It can be achieved by considering the formation patterns of compound adjectives; analysis of compound adjectives in Erzya and Hungarian; identifying the types of relationships between the components of a compound word; statistical calculations. Materials and Methods. The material for analysis was formed by the method of continuous sampling from bilingual dictionaries: Erzya-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. It used the methods for determining the genetic affiliation of language data, establishing a system of correspondences and anomalies in the compared languages; spatial localization of linguistic phenomena. Research and Discussion. Compounding in the Erzya and Hungarian languages are divided into two large groups: 1) formed on the basis of a compositional connection and 2) created on the basis of a subordinate connection between components. As the study showed, complex adjectives of the subordinate type in the Erzya language are few in number, while in the Hungarian language they constitute the majority. This group includes words with the first part – an adjective, a noun, a numeral. Compound adjectives of a compositional type, prevailing in the Erzya language, can be formed as a result of the merger of two proper adjectives, two derived adjectives, repetition of derived adjectives. In the Hungarian language, the share of complex adjectives of the compositional type is small. Among them there are the ones paired and formed by the type of twin words. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the formation of complex adjectives in the Hungarian and Erzya languages is an active process.

Pragmalinguistic aspects of compound nouns in English and Uzbek

This article describes compound nouns in English and Uzbek, their specific pragmatic aspects. Although the problem of compound nouns in linguistics has been studied by many linguists, there are many unsolved problems in comparing compound words in languages ??and analyzing them from a pragmalinguistic point of view. The compound word, which has a special place in the richness of language vocabulary, is in fact a convenient way of naming in simple terms the concepts of events that take place in reality, of existing objects. Hence, it can be concluded that the study of semantic, grammatical and syntactic features of language alone is not enough. As a result, the field of "pragmatics" has found its place in linguistics, having its own goals and objectives. In addition, the article also uses analysis from examples from the literature to reveal the pragmatic nature of compound words. However, scientific examples have shown that no sign is a leading factor in determining the nature of compound words.

Cognitive Mechanisms of Nominating Plants in English

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.

SOME WORDS AND SEMANTIC PARALLELS BETWEEN GEORGIAN AND AVAR LANGUAGES

Basing on the data of Georgian and Avar languages and their dialects, the article discusses some similarities that are confirmed in compound word formation (compound words which denote collectively ‘parents’, ‘siblings’, ‘spouses’, ‘domestic cattle’, ‘insects’, somatisms, compound words denoting ‘rainbow’), in phonosemantic vocabulary; In adverbs, adjectives, verbs derived from nouns (‘tiny hair’, ‘color’, ‘way’); In deverbative nominals, collocations and phrasemes (‘engaged girl’, ‘talking’, ‘lie’, ‘paying attention’).

Emotional Analysis of G. M. Hopkins’ Spring and Fall

This article critically focuses on the emotions created in the poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins. It explores the various features responsible for creating feelings in poetry. Among them are word choice, sound choice and imagery. Moreover, it delves into the poem to anayse how devices such as alliteration, simile, metaphor, diction, and symbolism play a vital role. Appropriate implementation of these features create strong emotions in poetry. In most of his poems, Hopkins employed coinage words. In “Spring and Fall”, he doubly used coinage words in a single – line. In the second line of the poem, he coined ‘Goldengroove’ and ‘unleaving’ and in the eighth line ‘wanwood’ and ‘leafmeal’. The word ‘Goldengroove’ is not used for a place in reality yet, and it is a place that represents autumn’s beauty. ‘Golden groove also refers to the ‘Garden of Paradise’. It indicates the four seasons of the year and the chronological phases of human life too. The words ‘golden’ and ‘groove’ are combined to form a single word. The word ‘unleaving’ encapsulates the noun ‘leaf’ employed as a verb possessing a negative prefix ‘un’, which means ‘leaving leaves’. The coinage word ‘unleaving ' is an Anglo-Saxon and comes in the category of pun. Another word, 'wanwood', is also a compound word. ‘Wanwood’ explains the pale condition of trees that have shed their leaves, so they seem to become ‘wan’ or pale. Initially, the word ‘leafmeal’ appears to be ambiguous, yet this ambiguity is expelled immediately.’Leafmeal’ refers to the phrase ‘leaf by leaf’. The two words ‘wanwood’ and ‘leafmeal’ are originated from Anglo- Saxon ring. Hopkins entitled the poem” Spring and Fall”, which itself enhances strong emotion. The rhyme scheme's alteration in this innovative poem, “Spring and Fall”, exhibits the speaker's feelings.

Detection of Adjective Compound Word in Malay Language using Enhanced Syntactic Rules

Compound word is defined as combination two or more words and it will produce a new meaning. Generally, compound word is existed in many languages such as English, Mandarin, Arabic and others. Although, there are discussion of existing methods to detect compound word yet some limitations on detecting Malay compound word. Thus, this study is done to improve accuracy towards adjective compound words. Training data is used in this study was Malay story books. Digitization data of Malay story book is used in this study. Then, the pre-processing method involved tokenization, stemming, bi-gram and part-of-speech (POS) tagging has been applied to produce the candidate compound word. Applying the enhanced syntactic rules shown the precision result is 70.3% through this study. Thus, this study will contribute to the academic research in improvise the issues on searching and document summarization application.

Transpinay: Genealogy of a term

This article provides a genealogical analysis of the Philippine category “transpinay,” a compound word combining “trans” and “pinay.” It traces the coining of the term by trans activists in the first decade of the 21st century and examines the ways in which the term gained its currency by drawing out distinctions between gender and sexuality categories. The article investigates what the category includes and what the category excludes, and examines disputes over the term’s categorical boundaries. Overall, the article aims not to determine what the term transpinay is, but rather investigates what the term does and how it came to be.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE USE OF INTERFIXES IN GERMAN COMMON COMPOUND WORDS

В статье предлагается систематизация правил употребления интерфиксов в немецком словосложении, представляющих собой одну из сложных тем в преподавании немецкого языка как первого и второго иностранного языков. В первой части работы подробно описывается происхождение соединительных элементов - интерфиксов, связывающих основы атрибутивным отношением, подчеркивается практически полная десемантизация интерфиксов, анализируются основные функции интерфиксов. Во второй части исследования рассматривается каждый из выделяемых в немецком словосложении соединительных элементов. С одной стороны, проводится отграничение интерфиксов от омонимов, например, падежных флексий и суффиксов множественного числа. С другой стороны, анализируются парадигматический и непарадигматический способы употребления интерфиксов, что особенно свойственно таким соединительным элементам, как -s-, -er-, -en-. Здесь же систематизируются дополнительные функции интерфиксов, обеспечивающие морфологически и фонологически корректное членение композит на слоги, необходимую в немецком языке двусложность композитных компонентов, сохранение традиционной ритмико-ударной группы «ударный слог - безударный слог», маркирование частеречной принадлежности отдельных композитных компонентов, препятствие редукции компонентов сложного слова. В работе также приводится трансформационный способ в качестве маркирующего для подтверждения необходимости употребления интерфиксов, разбираются случаи ограничения употребления интерфиксов или их непоследовательного использования. The article proposes a systematization of the rules for using interfixes in the German word-composition, one of the most difficult topics in teaching German as a first and second foreign language. In the first part of the work, the origin of interfixes, the linking elements connecting the stems with an attributive relation is described in detail, the almost complete desemantization of interfixes is emphasized and the main functions of interfixes are analyzed. Each of the connective elements distinguished in the German word-composition is considered in the second part of the study. On the one hand, a distinction is made between interfixes and homonyms, for example, case inflections and plural suffixes. On the other hand, paradigmatic and non-paradigmatic ways of using interfixes are analyzed, which is especially characteristic of such linking elements as -s-, -er-, -en-. The paper systematizes additional functions of interfixes providing morphologically and phonologically correct division of compound words into syllables, the disyllabic structure of compound word components necessary in the German language, the preservation of the traditional model “stressed syllable - unstressed syllable”, marking the part of speech belonging of the particular compound word components and preventing their reduction. The paper also provides a transformational method as a marker to confirm the need for using interfixes and deals with cases of restricting the use of interfixes or their inconsistent use.