PROBLEMS OF UNREGULATED POLITICAL STATUS OF TERRITORIES AS A FACTOR OF DEEPENING CONTRADICTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

All international conflicts regarding unregulated political status of territories, despite the variety of their types, can be united by the lack of legitimate power in different parts of the earth's surface or the desire to establish such power. In order to differentiate all the conflicts regarding international legal unregulated political status of the territories according to their origin the following types can be proposed: 1) conflicts that arose as a result of the forcible annexation of territories, the incorporation of which is not recognized by the international community; 2) conflicts that arose due to the creation of the self-proclaimed states in the territories controlled by the occupation regimes; 3) conflicts that arose due to the creation of the self-proclaimed states as the result of domestic crisis reasons, but with the participation of foreign policy factors; 4) conflicts over disputable border areas and islands; 5) conflicts regarding political claims to dependent countries under the control of other states; 6) latent conflicts over claims on land and water areas, which according to international conventions should not be extended to the sovereignty of any state; 7) the Middle East conflict due to non-compliance with the decision of the UN General Assembly of 1947 on the establishment of a sovereign Arab state. The conflict over the legal status of Palestine and the there solution of the so-called self-proclaimed states are the main issues of geopolitical controversy among the various types of conflicts. The conflict-generating potential regarding disputes over control independent countries is much smaller today. Interstate border disputes mostly concern the status of individual islands. In order to avoid new conflicts, the UN needs to strengthen the status of Antarctica and the areas adjacent to the North Pole, making them as a neutral demilitarized territory, which can not be extended to the sovereignty of individual states. The greatest concentration of conflicts regarding the international legal unregulated political status of the territories is connected with the contradictions in the collapse of the USSR and in thein completeness and disorder of decolonization. Thus, the resolution of territorial and political conflicts requires the UN Security Council and international law modernization and reform, paying much attention to the conditions and circumstances of state and political self-determination, as well as the realization of effective sanctions in the case of annexation of territories. Among the various types of conflicts related to the international legal unresolved political status of territories, the main nodes of geopolitical controversy are Russia's occupation of Crimea and part of Donetsk and the conflict over the state status of Palestine and resolving the problems of so-called self-proclaimed states. its influence in the post-Soviet space. Key words: territorial-political conflict, types of conflicts concerning international legal unregulated status of territories, self-proclaimed states, border conflicts, status of Antarctica and Arctic.

Socio-economic Development Trends of Third World Countries:Success Stories and Lessons from Qatar

The circumstances and contexts that set Qatar on a road of prosperity are gaining momentum every new day. From a small British colony country as late as 1970, Qatar has undergone evolution beginning with settling on its current name after numerous suggestions for the Arab state. Thus, the study interest was to answer two research questions; what is the basis of the success stories of Qatar and lessons for other third world countries? And Is Qatar headed to another level of categorization to leverage into the status of first world countries? The study is mainly guided by structural functionalism theory. The study entailed a systematic literature review approach through which various current literature were analyzed. The progress is largely attributed to the effective strategies entailing financial investment, cultural branding, and policy re-engineering. The political stature and efficient constitution controlled by effective leadership are contributions to milestones observed in the country.

The Border of the Islamic Arab State and Its Strategic Dimensions

In (year 22 AH) Caliph Umar bin Al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) prepared four armies for the conquest of the city، and it was actually conquered. This is a strategic factor in managing matters of four armies and an indication of the strength of the Arab Islamic state to open battles to conquer the country and spread Islam. Eliminating the movements against the Arab Islamic Caliphate، and this is a strategic dimension to preserve the pillars of the Arab and Islamic state in all those regions of the globe. Strong leaders from the Banu Shayban and other tribes were appointed to hold the reins، to preserve the friendship of the tribes alongside the Arab peaceful state. Giving the tribes the material and moral privileges in order to preserve this area. This is also a strategic factor in winning the friendship of the tribes، and this has witnessed the stability of the security situation. The Muslims offered Islam to the Khazars، this is a religious strategic factor for spreading Islam with the good. During those ages، the region witnessed many conflicts with the mountain kingdoms، Azerbaijan and the Russians. After (the year 500 AH), the principalities of this city were reunited with a single emirate called the Emirate of Darband Sharwan, and it is ruled by the khans. It is unfortunate that it was invaded by the Mongols in (year 618 AH), and they set off from it towards the land of the Qafjaks, Russians and Bulgarians, and also from it they set off towards Baghdad in the year (656 AH). The region witnessed conflict between the Mongol-Tatars. It has become a region with diverse population, with residents of Arabs, Armenians, Persians, Khazars, Kurds and Tatars. The landmarks of Islam have remained evident through the presence of mosques and mosques that exist to this day. The Bab Al-Bab has strategic importance in Bab Al-Tijaria, after the Muslims made it a safe area. The presence of mosque monuments in the walls of Al-Bab and Baku. It was said that Muslim scholars in that region abandoned it because of its turmoil and instability and went to Medina, Baghdad, the Levant and Egypt. The first Muslims lost many lives in order to make this region a safe zone, and this is another indication of the sacrifice made by the early Muslims to spread Islam. And more importantly than this and that, the first Muslims lost many lives in order to make this region a safe zone, and this is another indication of the sacrifice made by the early Muslims to spread Islam.

Ibn Khaldun’s ‘Asabiyya and Sects

This chapter explains the political reality of sectarianism as a political discourse that transforms even the majority group into a ta’ifa, which is a new phenomenon. It observes that this is the product of the crisis of the Arab state and that the issue lies not with confessional or religious diversity per se but with the failure of the process of building states on the basis of citizenship. This chapter further argues that the adoption of Ibn Khaldun’s concepts to explain the ascendance of despotic regimes in Arab states through sectarian ‘asabiyya is not a helpful theoretical framework. Ibn Khaldun’s work describes how dynasties took power by making use of the close-knit solidarity of the tribe, before the emergence of modern states. Modern despotic regimes are not produced by ‘asabiyya, but, in fact, they produce it.

Political change and the crisis of the nation state in the Arab world

The Political Change” is one of the concepts which are rooted in the Arab Intellectual Farbric.Recently, it was related to The National State crisis in the Arabic World,especially it had various manifestations such as the weaknesses of the Institutes and the Organs of the the State and its deficit to assert its authority in the all the State( Syria, Lybia, Somalia), its tripping to the State building and conscrate its legimitacy (Egypt) as well as cristallizing a common identity in order to attract higher Loyalty (Liban). The situation in the Arab world, after years of movement, threatens the existence of certain States and also the regimes that have led them to achieve this deteriorating situation, as well as the future of a democratic and unitary State in the context of the current political violence. This study therefore attempts to approach the national state crisis in the Arab world by using anumber of sociological data and some concepts of political anthropology to understand the political and social changes that have affected the Arab world, assuming that the Arab State is experiencing a real crisis and that various political changes, primarily democratic mobility, have not been possible. ""The Arab Spring"" from being transferred to the status of the modern State, the State of institutions based on full citizenship and the guarantee of rights and freedoms. The national State is supposed to be a neutral State, and it must not belong to a particular organ or to the control of a specific party. It is a State for all citizens with different religious, racial and ethnic views. Any change in this equation would be a prelude to an internal explosion among the various components of society, particularly by the most affected groups.

Schooling and Equity in Israel

Education in Israel is compulsory and free, from the age of three to the end of secondary school (12th grade). Compulsory education culminates in matriculation examinations that serve as the main criterion for enrollment in higher education. Although Israel is geographically small, and ethnic and religious subpopulations live in close proximity to one another, they are highly segregated both residentially and in schools. The Jewish and Arab school sectors are almost completely separate. Most Arab students study in Arab state schools, where the language of instruction is Arabic and the staff are Arab. Jewish students study in state, state religious, or independent ultra-Orthodox schools. The high degree of economic inequality in Israel is reflected in educational inequality, which is the highest among the countries participating in the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Inequalities between social strata are affected in part by the economic circumstances of families in early childhood. Inequality in educational achievement is particularly evident between Jews and Arabs but it is also prominent within each of these two societies. The public educational system is centralized and curricula are standardized, but religious Jewish groups enjoy considerable organizational and curricular autonomy. Arab state schools, in contrast, do not enjoy similar autonomy. Rapid expansion of higher education has contributed to a dramatic increase in graduation rates in all social categories but large gaps remain, especially along ethnoreligious lines, in graduation rates, fields of study, and quality of institutions attended.

Media Image of Jordan in Runet Media: Specifics of Non Personification

The article is a response to the discussion between Russian media researchers concerning the notion and meaning of media image. It outlines the key directions in the studies of the image of a state as media product, which influences the public opinion, social values and assumptions about the politics, economy and culture. Acknowledging the interdependence of a media image on stereotypes and archetypes, the authors put forward and test a hypothesis of effectiveness of forming a media image in the context of weakening this interdependence. They study the possibilities of forming a media image («by the media — for the society») in a reverse way, when the binary opposition of stereotyping could be destroyed via personification, and a socio-image («by the society — for the media») could be formed. In respect of a particular country, this procedure helps to realize and estimate the opportunities and contradictions of the digital media environment which is formed individually («journalist as subject») and institutionally («journalist as agent»). The research involved studying the media image of Jordan in web-based media publications in The Kommersant, The RBK, and The Rossiiskaya Gazeta in 2019. The choice of the country is explained by the fact that the King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein, by his actions on the world stage and life style, weakens the archetypal inertia in the perception of the Arab state, which is a potential for forming a socio-image. The results of the study show that this potential is not utilized. The media image of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Ru-Net is formed institutionally to the benefit of Russia and is related to some stereotypes of the Arabs, and therefore, may be characterized as non personification.

Sufyan bin Ayniah (107-198 AH) Narrations about (Islamic immaculate leaders) imams Al-Athar (P. B.U.T)

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds who says ((We have not sent you but mercy to the worlds)) and peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, the Master of Messengers, and on his good and pure household. Then……… Muslims were interested in historical narratives - as they recorded for us an important aspect of the events and facts that occurred throughout the historical ages, as scientists have emerged who have been interested in this field, as they conveyed to us many historical narratives, one of them was Sufyan ibn Ayniah (107-198 AH / 725-813AD), Where we dealt with his narratives in the life of the pure imams (peace be upon them), which are many. This simple research cannot accommodate the number of its pages. Therefore, we decided to confine it to study some of them, shedding light on them through the political, social and military situation that the Islamic Arab state lived during their era (peace be upon them).

LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.