DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMBINED RESERVOIR OF MIXTURE OF TECHNICAL COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS AS COMPONENT OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY

In this study the development, analysis and description of the sche­me of environment protection technology for the oil storage were carried out. The proposed scheme is provided for the utilization of vapors of technical combustible liquids stored at the enterprise, namely diesel fuel, gasoline and motor oil, formed during the manifestation of the phenomena of small and large reservoir breathing in significant quantities. Set of initial data and the mass hour­ly emission of such vapors into the en­vironment were obtained according to an improved approach. Development of a high-pressure storage reser­voir for such vapors as the executive device of environmental protection technology for the oil storage according to an improved approach was carried out. Parameters of the reciprocating compressor, which distills the mixture of such vapors from the low-pressure storage reservoir to the high-pressure sto­rage reservoir, compressing them, was selected. Calculation of the reservoir wall thickness ba­sed on the theory of strength of closed solid shells was carried out taking into account the mechanical properties of the wall material, namely steel 60, and the value of the pressure of the gaseous fluid in it. Magnitudes of weight of the deve­loped reservoir and the cost of materials for its manufacture were determinated. Design of a combined reservoir for the ac­cu­mu­lation of a volley of a mixture of such vapors with a system of intermediate cooling of the mixture after its compression by a reciprocating compressor and the pos­sibility of heating the condensate in the reservoir was de­ve­loped.

Fire Resistance of Steel Structures with Epoxy Fire Protection under Cryogenic Exposure

Cases of fire with highly flammable, combustible liquids and combustible gases with high potential heat emission at oil and gas facilities are assumed to develop as a hydrocarbon fire, which is characterized by the temperature rising rapidly up to 1093 ± 56 °C within five minutes from the test start and staying within the same range throughout the test, as well as by overpressure being generated. Although various fireproof coating systems are commonly used to protect steel structures from high temperatures, a combination of fire protection and cryogenic spillage protection, i.e., protection from liquefied natural gas (LNG), is rather an international practice novelty regulated by standards ISO 20088. Thanks to their outstanding features, i.e., ability to sustain chemical and climatic impact, these epoxy-based materials are able to ensure positive fireproof performance for steel structures in the case of potential cryogenic impact. The article discusses tests on steel structures coated with epoxy fireproof compounds, specifically PREGRAD-EP, OGRAX-SKE and Chartek 2218. The test records show the time from the start of cryogenic exposure to the said sample reaching the limit state, as well as the time from the start of heat impact to the sample reaching the limit state in case of hydrocarbon fire temperature.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BOILING TEMPERATURE AND THE FLASH TEMPERATURE OF MIXED HYDROCARBON FUELS

В работе экспериментально показано, что по мере испарения смесевой горючей жидкости при одновременном повышении плотности и снижении упругости пара в многокомпонентных взаиморастворимых композициях температура кипения повышается. В этом случае и температура вспышки смесевой горючей жидкости также будет повышаться. Так, при проливах горючих жидкостей происходит довольно быстрое обеднение легкими фракциями, упругость пара при заданной температуре существенно снижается, а температуры кипения и вспышки, соответственно, повышаются. Полученные в работе зависимости температур кипения и вспышки испытанных смесевых горючих жидкостей характерны и для других различных многокомпонентных жидких композиций. Эти зависимости могут учитываться при разработке планов предотвращения и ликвидации аварий в случае их проливов. Based on the experiments it is shown that as the flammable liquid mixtures evaporate, while increasing density and decreasing vapor tension in multicomponent compositions-soluble, the boiling temperature increases. In this case, the flash point of the mixed combustible liquid will also increase. Thus, in the case of spills of flammable liquids there is a fairly rapid depletion of light fractions, the vapor tension at a given temperature reduces significantly, and the boiling and flash temperatures increase accordingly. The dependences of the boiling and flash temperatures of the tested mixed combustible liquids obtained in this work are also typical for other various multicomponent liquid compositions. These dependencies can be taken into account when developing plans for the prevention and elimination of emergencies caused by their spills.

Introduction of a flame suppression pattern into integrated and zone models used to analyze the dynamics of hazardous factors of indoor fires

Introduction. Fire risk calculation is performed to substantiate the compliance of space planning solutions of buildings and structures with fire safety requirements. The calculation of time needed for hazardous factors of fire to block evacuation routes is performed with account for unlimited fire propagation. The only system, whose operation is taken into account if the fire risk value is exceeded, is the smoke ventilation system. The operation of other fire safety systems is disregarded due to the unavailability of reliable engineering methods of analysis of their influence on fire escalation. The problem of development of modified mathematical models, used to analyze the fire escalation pattern, with account to be taken of the process of fire extinguishing and its influence on fire propagation, is relevant. The purpose of this research is to develop common principles that allow to take account of the pattern of fire suppression in solid materials and combustible liquids by fire extinguishing substances having various origins and degrees of dispersion, if the fire extinguishing substances are added to integrated and zone models of development of hazardous factors of fire escalation.Calculation methodology. The calculations are based on the equation compiled in furtherance of principles of conservation of mass and energy in the flame zone above the surface of the combustible material.Research results. The co-authors suggest general principles for the introduction of a flame suppression pattern into integrated and zone models used to analyze the evolution of hazardous factors of indoor fires. The coauthors present the main provisions and parameters needed to modify integrated and zone models in case of different methods of fire extinguishing. The co-authors have analyzed hazardous factors of fire with account for the flame suppression pattern.Conclusions. The co-authors applied the research findings to develop the modified integrated and zone models that allow to analyze the dynamics of hazardous factors of fire with account for the extinguishing of solid materials and combustible fluids by fire extinguishing substances having various origins and degrees of dispersion.

Manufacturing entities flare systems fire hazard analysis

Industrial enterprises of chemical, petrochemical, energy complexes, in the technological process of which combustible gases, flammable and combustible liquids rotate, have flare systems, which are designed for smokeless combustion of combustible and toxic gases or vapors as a result of their periodic, emergency or permanent venting. The main task of flare systems at enterprises is to prevent gas from atmosphere entering by flaring. Flare systems of a manufacturing entities are a complex of structures of high fire danger. The task of the work is to analyze the parameters of the explosion that may occur during the formation of an emergency situation on flare systems.

The assessment of extinction mechanisms involving water mist applied to combustible liquids

Introduction. A number of problems accompany the development of new extinction methods applicable on the premises of buildings and structures and the use of advanced fire extinguishing agents. Subject-specific studies are needed to solve these problems. They include the identification of general principles of fire extinguishing efficiency and further development of the optimal mode of application of firefighting agents. The purpose of this work is the theoretical assessment of fire extinction mechanisms involving the water mist applied to combustible liquids. The objectives to be accomplished include the equations based on the mass/energy conservation laws and derived for flame zones with account taken of the water mist applied; the assessment of the water flow rate for different combustion mechanisms; comparison of assessment results with experimental data obtained in the process of extinguishing model fire seats that have burning combustible fluids.Methods of analysis. The calculations involve the equations based on the mass/energy conservation laws and derived for flame zones above the surface of combustibles.Research results. The author analyzes two fire extinguishing mechanisms that contribute to the suppression of burning in the flame zone: 1) the attainment of the value of mass concentration of water vapour that reaches the lower concentration limit of combustion of the combustible mixed gas (oxygen reduction); 2) cooling combustible mixed gas in the flame zone by evaporating water until the flash point temperature of combustible vapour is reached.Conclusions: Equations based on mass/energy conservation laws were derived for flame zones, formed in the course of combustion of flammable liquids, with account taken of a jet of water mist. Water flow rates needed for the implementation of various extinguishing mechanisms were analyzed using the proposed equations. Theoretical results were compared with the experimental data obtained in the process of using water mist to extinguish model fire seats that contain combustible fluids.

APPLICATION OF CGI-ANIMATIONS FOR LABORATORY WORKS ON FIRE SAFETY IN TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES COURSE IN DISTANCE LEARNING

Purpose. The article demonstrates the capabilities of CGI-animation technologies in creating video clips for laboratory works on the course of Fire Safety in Technological Processes and the options for their use in both traditional and distance learning, which is especially timely taking into consideration threat of spreading coronavirus infection. Methods. To create video clips for laboratory works, methods and techniques of 3D graphics have been used, including the creation of volumetric models of the objects best matching the real ones, scene formation, animation, visualization and working with video. Findings. CGI-animation technologies have been used for creating video clips for laboratory works on the following topics of Fire Safety in Technological Processes course: – studying fire hazard of pressure increase in a heated apparatus with a liquid; – studying flammability of sparks impact and friction; – studying the parameters of fire and explosion hazard during flammable and combustible liquids evaporation into still environment; – studying the parameters of fire and explosion safety when ventilating devices from combustible gases and vapors. Research application field. The video clips for laboratory works created on the CGI-animation technologies basis are successfully used both in traditional and distance types of training on the course of Fire Safety in Technological Processes at State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia. Conclusions. Laboratory works using CGI-animation can be successfully applied both in distance and traditional learning formats, which diversifies the educational process and makes it more intense. CGI-animation technologies can be successfully used for developing educational content for various subjects not only for distance learning, but also for the other forms of education. In the future laboratory works can be improved through creating virtual laboratory works on their basis.

INVESTIGATION OF EXTERNAL (VISUAL) SIGNS OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS DETECTED AT THE SCENE OF FIRE

The article purpose is to systematize the external (visual) signs of the use of flammable and combustible liquids as a combustion intensifier at the scene of fire and the methodology of the analysis of these signs to provide reasonable, reliable conclusions when conducting forensic examination in the forensic specialty 10.8. Research on the circumstances of fire occurrence and spread and compliance with fire safety requirements. A particular relevance of using a set of special knowledge while investiga- tion of crimes related to fires is explained by the fact that almost only conclu- sions of forensic examinations make it possible to establish the very fact of the commission of such a crime as arson. The analysis of forensic practice showed that a significant part of crimes related to fires occurs when flammable and com- bustible liquids are used. At the same time, a reliable establishment of the fact of flammable liquids and combustible liquids use as intensifiers (initiators and ac- celerators) of burning is a crucial, key factor that must be defined for the inves- tigation completeness. The fact of determining unpredicted release of flammable and combustible liquids in the area of fire is a direct indication of committing a crime, yet this sign is quite often the only proof of the criminal nature of fire. However, the establishment of the fact of the use of flammable and combusti- ble liquids usually occurs during the analysis of quite specific visible signs left at the fire scene. In the suggested paper, the authors systematized the external (visual) signs of the use of flammable and combustible liquids as an intensifier of combustion at the fire scene and a methodology for the analysis of all these signs to provide reasonable and reliable conclusions when conducting forensic examinations in the forensic specialty 10.8 Research on the circumstances of fire occurrence and spread and compliance with fire safety requirements.