Composition, Community Structure and Vertical Distribution of Epiphytic Ferns on Bamboo Species In Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia

Ecological study of epiphytic ferns growing on bamboo species in Bogor Botanic Gardens, a man-made ecosystem located in a wet lowland area was carried out. The 350 phorophytes of 35 bamboo clumps belonging to 9 species and 3 genera were observed. Each culm was divided into intervals of 1 m from ground level to a height of 3 m. A total of 1984 individuals belonging to 12 species, nine genera, and six families of epiphytic ferns were recorded, with the highest species richness in Polypodiaceae (7 spp.). Dendocalamus giganteus Munro was the best host for epiphytic ferns (9 spp.). Two dominant species, Asplenium nidus L. and Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn with the same frequency value (97.14%), and relative species abundance of 31.49 individuals per clump and 14.94 individuals per clump, showed the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) of 83.19 and 54.00%, respectively. The first one-meter level of bamboo culms hosted all the species. Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price was the only species that grew until the highest intervals of height with a decreasing frequency from the bottom. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1095-1107, 2021 (December)

A horizon scanning approach to rapidly detect alien fern species through horticultural trade

Horticultural trade is a well-documented pathway of introduction for numerous invasive species globally, including ferns. In this study, we analysed trade in terrestrial true ferns (Polypodiophyta) in six anglophone countries: Canada (CA), the United States of America (US), Great Britain and Ireland (GB, for ease of reading), South Africa (ZA), Australia (AU), and New Zealand (NZ). The study provides an overview of fern trade and explored the relationship between trade and alien fern introductions with a view to better inform management interventions. Using a horizon scanning approach in consulting horticultural catalogues, we identified a total of 382 fern species currently traded by 148 traders in a period of just six months. International trade was observed in only three countries with most trade occurring at national scales and e-commerce was not the dominant mode of trade noted in this study, with a relatively higher proportion of species traded on-ground. Alien species accounted for more than 60 % of the total number of traded species in most countries except in AU and NZ, and a surprising number of species (11-14 species per country) known to be naturalised or invasive in their country of trade remain actively traded, with fewer species in CA (2) and AU (5). A total of 194 species noted in trade have not previously been recorded as alien in plant species inventories and did not have an invasion status assigned in their countries of trade. We identified 62 species of concern (i.e., potential future invaders) with Dryopteris erythrosora, Anisocampium niponicum, Polystichum polyblepharum, Austroblechnum penna-marina subsp. penna-marina, Asplenium nidus, Dicksonia antarctica, Polypodium vulgare, and Adiantum raddianum indicated as priority species for regulation in trade due to their high market presence. Citizen science records were noted for very few species of concern with only two records indicating the occurrence of two species in natural or semi-natural areas. This research constitutes one of few studies that have applied a horizon scanning approach using horticultural catalogues to identify alien species, and highlights the efficiency of this approach as a tool for the early detection of potentially invasive species.

The Diversity of Ferns (Pteridophyta) in North Sumatera (Case Study: Batang Gadis National Park Resort 7 Sopotinjak)

Introduction: Ferns (Pteridophyta) are plant communities that have an ecological function as ground cover vegetation. The purpose of this research types of ferns (Pteridophyta) and the diversity index of ferns found in the Batang Gadis National Park Resort 7 Sopotinjak, Batang Natal Sub-district, Mandailing Natal District, North Sumatra Province. Materials and Methods: Descriptive survey method using quadratic plot of 24 plots in three transects. Results: It was found that five from 28 species of dominant fern were: Asplenium nidus, Asplenium normale, Shaeropteris glauca, Oleandra undulate, and Asplenium lobulatum. The diversity index of ferns (Pteridophyta) of 2.494 and was categorized as moderate, which means that the ferns (Pteridophyta) are stable, this indicates that the ecosystem is in a fairly balanced state.

Callose: a multifunctional (1, 3)-β–d-glucan involved in morphogenesis and function of angiosperm stomata

Background Although the cellulose microfibril organization in guard cell (GC) walls play a crucial role in the mechanism of the stomatal function, recent work showed that matrix cell wall materials are also involved. Especially in the kidney-shaped stomata of the fern Asplenium nidus, callose actively participates in the mechanism of opening and closure of the stomatal pore. Scope The present review briefly presents and discusses recent findings concerning the distribution and role of callose in the kidney-shaped stomata of the dicotyledon Vigna sinensis as well as in the dumbbell-shaped stomata of the monocotyledon Zea mays. Conclusion The discussed data support that, in both categories of angiosperm stomata, callose is implicated in the mechanism of stomatal pore formation and stomata function by locally affecting the mechanical properties of the GC cell walls.

An exogenous cytokinin supply in the ornamental fern Asplenium nidus L. induces an unusual post-transplant biomass accumulation

Ferns are ornamental plants with a low relative growth rate and long production cycles, which are grown at small pot volumes to optimize the commercial space for sale. However, the root restriction effects under this plant management can limit biomass accumulation and frond area. Since an exogenous spray with cytokinin (6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP)) has been suggested as a tool to override the root restriction in plants grown in pots, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different BAP doses (5, 50, 100 or 200 mg L-1) once (7 days after transplant), twice (7 and 30 days after transplant) or three times (7, 30, and 60 days after transplant), on plant growth and frond area development in spore-propagated Asplenium nidus fern plants grown in pots. Both increasing the BAP doses and number of applications led to an unusual response: an excessive decrease in the frond plastochron and a significant increase in the frond number initiated at the apical shoot meristem. This large frond number was not sustained due to the low net photosynthetic rate of the younger fronds and significantly limited outward appearance.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN PENAPISAN ALKALOID PADA JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN PAKU (Pteridophyta) DI CAGAR ALAM GUNUNG MUTIS

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tumbuhan paku dan senyawa alkaloid pada tumbuhan paku yang terdapat di Cagar Alam Gunung Mutis. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan di Cagar Alam Gunung Mutis pada bulan Februari- Maret 2019 dan uji senyawa alkaloid. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik metode jelajah sepanjang jalan yang dilalui dari Oenino hingga padang II pada ketinggian 1.500-1.800 mdpl di Cagar Alam Gunung Mutis. Penapisan alkaloid menggunakan Reagen Mayer, Wagner dan Dragendorff, sampel yang digunakan akar, batang dan daun sekitar 1 gram. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan 9 spesies tumbuhan paku di Cagar Alam Gunung Mutis, yaitu Dryopteris filix-mas, Hypolepis tructata, Gleichenia truncata, Asplenium nidus, Trichomanes maximum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Cyanthea contaminans dan Dyplazium esculentum. Berdasarkan hasil uji alkaloid, pada akar tumbuhan paku yang mengadung senyawa alkaloid adalah Dryopteris filix-mas, Hypolepis tructata, Gleichenia truncata, Asplenium nidus, Trichomanes maximum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Cyanthea contaminans, pada bagian batang, tumbuhan paku yang mengandung senyawa alkaloid adalah Dryopteris filix-mas, Hypolepis tructata, Gleichenia truncata, Asplenium nidus, Trichomanes maximum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Cyanthea contaminans dan pada bagian daun, tumbuhan paku yang mengandung senyawa alkaloid adalah Dryopteris filix-mas, Gleichenia truncata, Asplenium nidus, Trichomanes maximum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, dan Cyanthea contaminans. Kata Kunci : Alkaloid, Tumbuhan Paku, Cagar Alam

Identification and Inventory Pteridophyta in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, Cibodas, West Java

The fern is one of the plants that is easily found in Indonesia and it has a high diversity and distribution. Ferns are among the simplest vascular plants and are classified into sporous cormophytes which already have transport vessels. The purpose of this research was to identify and inventory the types of ferns found in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park. The research method used was descriptive with path tracking techniques and observations on the morphology of the found ferns. The research results obtained that 29 species of ferns were found in the observations made, namely Ophioglosum reticulatum L., Selaginella caudata (Desv.) Spring, Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett. & Kuhn, Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L., Dryopteris sparsa (Ham.) Kuntze, Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm., Dipteris conjugata Reinw., Pleopeltis heterocarpa Bedd., Phegopteris connectilis (Michx .) Watt, Asplenium nidus L., Polystichum acultatum Roth, Tectaria crenata Cav., Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link, Pteris biaurita L., Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.fil.) Copel., Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Ex Hook.) Copel., Davallia pentaphyla Blume, Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) T. Moore, Davallia trichomanoides Blume, Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching, Thelypteris rudis (Kunze) Proctor, Adiantum hispidulum Sw., Bolbitis quoyana (Gaud.) Ching, Selaginella ornata (Hook & Grev.) Spring, Drynaria pleuridioides Presl, Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) CBCl., and Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. This research concludes that each fern plant has its characteristics that can be used as a basis for observing and identifying the types of ferns and making an inventory.

Gordonia asplenii sp. nov., isolated from humic soil on bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus L.)

A novel member of the actinobacteria, designated strain A-T 0013T, was isolated from humic soil on a bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus L.) collected from Khao Yai National Park in Thailand. According the results of a polyphasic taxonomic study, A-T 0013T had characteristics typical of members of the genus Gordonia . The 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that A-T 0013T shared ≤98 % sequence similarity with all members of the genus Gordonia . The most closely related species was Gordonia effusa IFM 10200T (97.92 % sequence similarity). The average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb) value with G. effusa IFM 10200T was 76.81 %. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The whole-cell sugars contained ribose, arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The predominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), and C18 : 0 10-methyl. Mycolic acid was present. The polar lipid profile for this strain ncluded diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.1 mol%. Differentiation of A-T 0013T from the most closely related species, Gordonia effusa IFM 10200T, was evident from digital DNA–DNA hybridization values of 21.8 %. On the basis of the results of comparative analysis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain A-T 0013T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Gordonia , for which the name Gordonia asplenii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A-T 0013T (=TBRC 11910T=NBRC 114549T).

Pathogenicity of Aphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi on the ornamental plants Asplenium nidus and Lilium speciosum in Brazil

SummaryAphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi has recently been reported in association with seeds of forage grasses and rice in Brazil and senescent strawberry plants, in the United States. This nematode is likely a mycophagous species; however, so far, its pathogenicity potential to plants is unclear. This study aimed to verify the pathogenicity of A. pseudogoodeyi to two species of ornamental plants. The experiments were conducted by inoculating A. pseudogoodeyi onto Bird’s-Nest Fern (Asplenium nidus) and Oriental Lily (Lilium speciosum) leaves, using two inoculation methods (with and without injury). After 40 days of inoculation (DAI) in Bird’s-Nest Fern and 5, 10, 20 and 40 DAI in Oriental Lily, the pathogenicity and the host efficiency were evaluated by symptoms observation and by severity, final nematode population and reproductive factor (RF), respectively. Additionally, a histopathological study was performed by inoculating A. pseudogoodeyi onto Bird’s-Nest Fern for observing anatomical alterations. A. pseudogoodeyi was able to cause local necrotic lesions on both Bird’s-Nest Fern and Oriental Lily leaves. However, the presence of injury was essential to enable A. pseudogoodeyi to penetrate and cause those symptoms in both plant species. Also, the total population of A. pseudogoodeyi decreased drastically over time and RF was <1, which characterized these species as poor-host or resistant plants. A. pseudogoodeyi penetrated into the foliar tissue and induced a total destruction of the mesophyll and collapse of the cells, with the formation of large intercellular spaces. It is concluded that A. pseudogoodeyi is an opportunistic pathogen as injury was required to induce symptoms in Bird’s-Nest Fern and Oriental Lily.