THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NAHDLATUL ULAMA AND MUHAMMADIYYAH LEADERS IN FACING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The study on the theological perspective of religious leaders upon the Covid-19 pandemic is essential to prevent the Covid-19 transmission. This study aims to portray the theological perspective related to the destiny (al-qada' and al-qadar) of NU and Muhammadiyah leaders in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study is a quantitative-descriptive analysis. The data is collected through the validated and distributed semi-open questionnaires using a google form to the 175 respondents living in Java, Sumatera, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan. This study reveals that the theological perspective of Indonesia's religious leaders upon the Covid-19 pandemic follows Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah theology teaching on fate proposed by al-Ghazali, al-Baqilani, al-Juwaini, and other scholars who have similar views. Moreover, this study also affirms that NU and Muhammadiyah as moderate organizations in the aspect of destiny. Most NU and Muhammadiyah religious leaders have theological views stating that the Covid-19 pandemic is God's ordeal and test, while others believe it is God's torment and punishment.

SCIENTIA SACRA IN SUFISM AS WELTANSCHAUUNG CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SPIRITUALITY

This study examines the peripheral area of Sufistic reasoning, where modern humans lose their orientation and cause a psychological crisis—through a fundamental philosophical assessment of the weltanschauung as the axis of Sufism spirituality in Islam, focusing on the contemporary perspective of modern society and the construct of Scientia sacra as the weltanschauung of contemporary Muslim spirituality. The study results confirm that the fundamental problem that represents the relationship between spirituality and modern society is the dualism of the ontology-epistemic framework, as a result of the split understanding between Sufism and its pseudo. The Sufis have built the concept of Scientia sacra based on the integration of theosophical reasoning, ascetic praxis, and philosophical nature. This concept is expected to present conceptual-praxis activities described as exclusive mujahadah , trendy, and introvertistic that “catharsis” themselves from the worldly bustle but have communal, philosophical values closely related to the values rahmat al-khalq. The philosophical basis of this movement originated from theosophical reasoning, transformed into praxis asceticism, and developed as philosophical asceticism. These three elements come from the key statement that Sufism is an existential axis for humans, where the crisis of modern humans is the centrifugal motion of that axis. It is what causes the philosophical values in Sufistic teachings to experience turmoil, ending in a cathartic process towards Scientia sacra as the basis of knowledge, metaphysics, and esotericism.

HIJRA, BETWEEN SOCIOLOGICAL AND THEOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

This study examines the Hijrah group in Indonesia as a social and theological movement. Except to be a role model, Hijrah is also interpreted as an effort to get closer to Allah. Today, the understanding of the Hijrah values seems to have shifted and formed a polarization of ignorance in religion with the exclusivity of the group's reason. Hijrah principally is not just a matter of strengthening the religious values symbolically, but also the mission of building an open mind on social and religious plurality. This study uses a literary method and phenomenological descriptive and the socio-theological reason approach of Muhammed Arkoun. The results show that a reason can be formed by a structural systematization model of a group. Hijrah is seen as shifting religious labeling, only existing in the crowd that eventually creates a logical deadlock and forms a new social class. As a result, it is clear that the Hijrah group does not offer individual independence but gives birth to a generation with exclusive minded.

DIGITAL NATIVE CHARACTER IN SOCIAL MEDIA INTERPRETATION: A STUDY ON INSTAGRAM ACCOUNTS, @QURANREVIEW

This study aims to examine the methods, processes of interpretation (tafsir), and religious discourses that develop on social media, as well as the implications and effectiveness of its interpretation for the readers. It is a case study of the Instagram account @qur'anreview. Amid the trend of Qur’an interpretation on social media, this @qur'anreview account has attracted the attention of netizens through its religious content presentation in the form of interpretation as its language style, diction, and nuances meet the millennial generation. Based on the hermeneutic, critical discourse analysis, and mass communication effect theoretical approach, the results of the study show that the religious content presented by the @quranreview account focuses on the language approach presented in the form of thematic interpretation. The interpretation follows the opportunistic and omnivorous characteristics of the digital native. The interpretation model is quite effective and has implications for the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of the readers. While the social space of its interpretation is based on the culture of social media and digital native, which leads to popular Islamic discourse.

TABLIGHI JAMAAT SCHISM: RESPONSES AND CHANGES OF ITS MEMBERS IN INDONESIA

This study is an analysis of the Tablighi Jamaat schism in India, various responses, and changes that have occurred to its members in Indonesia. Using a socio-anthropological and historical approach, the results of this study show that the schism that occurred was caused by the conflict over the struggle for the highest authority of the movement of its leaders in India. The fragmentation after the death of In'mul Hasan further sharpened the contestation among its senior members, until the Tablighi Jamaat split into two groups. First, those who declared Maulana Sa'ad as their sole leader and identified themselves as the Nizamuddin group. Secondly, those who supported the international Shura system and identified themselves as the Shura 'Alami group. In Indonesia, these two groups are also developing, building demarcation lines from each other, claiming each other as the authenticity of the truth, and carrying out da'wah in accordance with the directions of their respective elders. After the schism, both of them were transformed into a new organizational structure in accordance with the interests of their respective groups.

ISLAM AND RELIGIOUS MODERATION: THE ROLE OF SCHOOL LABORATORY IN NEGOTIATING RELIGIOUS MODERATION WITHIN THEOLOGICAL PLURALITY

This study aims to explore the implementation process of religious moderation carried out by the High School Laboratory of the Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia through its learning process. As an open educational institution, this school accepts students from various backgrounds, including the term of their religion. Encountering various ideologies in one learning platform is predicted to trigger tensions between religious adherents. But in fact, this school laboratory can minimize those potential tensions through various approaches. Based on an ethnographic approach, wherein the data gathered through intensive observation and in-depth interviews with several key informants, the results of this study reveal that the efforts made by school principals and teachers through strengthening the understanding of religious moderation concept, which is implemented into learning curricula and teaching models inside and outside of the school classroom, it turns out to be able to make students moderate and tolerant.

POLITICAL CONFIGURATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC ECONOMIC LAW IN INDONESIA DURING THE NEW ORDER AND REFORMATION ERA

This article aims to comparatively view the political configuration in Indonesia in the New Order and the Reformation era related to the formation of law in Islamic economics. Recently, Islamic economics has become an issue that has attracted the interest of scholars and economic practitioners as it is the potential to become a large industry. Legal products and several policies were born as evidence of the development of Islamic economic law in Indonesia, such as the Halal Product Guarantee Act, the ratification of Government Regulations regarding the implementation of halal product guarantees, to the merger of conventional banks into shari'ah Banks. These phenomena show that the political configuration in the Reformation era is fertile ground for economic development. Then, what about the Political Configuration in the New Order era? This article is a legal study using historical and political approaches strengthened by legal political theories. The study found that there are different characteristics of Islamic economic law between authoritarian and democratic political configurations. This article emphasizes that the character of Islamic economic law in the New Order era tends to be orthodox; legal control was tightly held by the political elite and must be followed by the community (top-down). Meanwhile, the Reformation era brought the direction of Islamic economic law to responsive legal characteristics. The society holds legal control by making the elites as policymakers for the development of Islamic economic law (bottom-up).

RESISTED VERSUS FASCINATED: THE MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN RELATIONSHIP IN THE POST-REGIONAL AUTONOMY IN PADANG, WEST SUMATERA

Christian students' involvement in the school Islamic programs such as wearing Muslim clothing, participating in the seven-minute Islamic sermon, and joining Islamic classes are often considered a compliance attitude. Instead, it is a process of self-adaptation because they attend a school within a Muslim majority environment. Moreover, this camouflage represents their resistance to the school rules. This article discusses how Christian students in two state schools in Padang behave in the framework of Islamic customs. Based on the theories of Jean Baudrillard’s simulacra and James C. Scott’s resistance, the results of this study show that Christian students in two state schools in Padang tend to be obedient and interested in Islamic practices. For instance, they imitate the way Muslim students dress so that they look similar to Muslim students. This attitude pleases their Muslim teachers and fellow students. In addition, Minang people in their neighborhood also amaze and always refer to these Christian students’ attitude as a model to be followed.

CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES TOWARDS NUSANTARANOLOGY

This study is the first attempt to introduce the concept of Nusantaranology in Indonesia. Based on a bibliographic survey and the authors' experiences in research development, it appears that Indonesia has a very strong scientific foundation compared to other countries. Besides, the fact that the wealth of local treasures in Nusantara can be utilized as a first step to develop the scientific concept of Nusantaranology. In this study, the authors conducted a bibliographic survey on how the influence of Western social sciences and humanities on several studies or research in Indonesia. The authors argue that the influence of the Western scientific tradition needs to be re-examined in understanding the various local knowledge found in Nusantara. The authors also found that various research results from local researchers have shown that the products of knowledge in Nusantara are very profound if they are framed under a scientific umbrella, i.e Nusantaranology. Finally, this study is expected to be the first step for researchers in Indonesia to carry out various studies on local issues, while continuing to strengthen the philosophical foundations of science, to reinforce the concept of Nusantaranology or Indonesian Studies.

ASHABIYAH THEORY OF IBN KHALDUN: AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVE FOR STUDYING THE INDONESIAN MUSLIM SOCIETY

Ibn Khaldun was popularly known as a Muslim intellectual since the West discovered his work, Muqaddimah. Through this work, he became the only Muslim scientist whose methods and knowledge basis were accepted by the West. Ibn Khaldun became popular with several names, such as Sociologist, Economist, and the founder of social science. However, only few attempts use Ibn Khaldun's perspective as an analytical tool in the discipline of sociology. In Indonesia, the study of the sociology of religion often refers to the big names of sociologists born from the West socio-historical context. Ibn Khladun theory of Al-Umran and Ashabiyah has offered a big concept about civilization, culture, and communal ties that are generated through his research on Muslim society as its focused object. This results of this study reveal that the Ashabiyah theory can be used as an alternative perspective in the study of the sociology of religion, especially to analyze the socio-religious phenomena of the multicultural Muslim society in Indonesia. With the reason that the similarity of the socio-historical context of the object of analysis is very important in determining a perspective to be used. Although, it does not mean that perspectives with different contexts should be abandoned. On the contrary, those perspectives can be used as a complementary perspective, to enrich the scientific treasure in the Sociology of Islam.