scholarly journals Coherence formation during narrative text processing: a comparison between auditory and audiovisual text presentation in 9- to 12-year-old children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wienke Wannagat ◽  
Gesine Waizenegger ◽  
Gerhild Nieding
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Global Coherence ◽  
Text Presentation ◽  
Final Sentence ◽  
Query Word ◽  
Audiovisual Presentation ◽  
Short Narrative

AbstractIn an experiment with 114 children aged 9–12 years, we compared the ability to establish local and global coherence of narrative texts between auditory and audiovisual (auditory text and pictures) presentation. The participants listened to a series of short narrative texts, in each of which a protagonist pursued a goal. Following each text, we collected the response time to a query word that was either associated with a near or a distant causal antecedent of the final sentence. Analysis of these response times indicated that audiovisual presentation has advantages over auditory presentation for accessing information relevant for establishing both local and global coherence, but there are indications that this effect may be slightly more pronounced for global coherence.

scholarly journals Redewiedergabe – Schritte zur automatischen Erkennung

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-248
Author(s):  
Annelen Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Automatic Detection ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Manual Annotation ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Narrative ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This contribution presents a quantitative approach to speech, thought and writing representation (ST&WR) and steps towards its automatic detection. Automatic detection is necessary for studying ST&WR in a large number of texts and thus identifying developments in form and usage over time and in different types of texts. The contribution summarizes results of a pilot study: First, it describes the manual annotation of a corpus of short narrative texts in relation to linguistic descriptions of ST&WR. Then, two different techniques of automatic detection – a rule-based and a machine learning approach – are described and compared. Evaluation of the results shows success with automatic detection, especially for direct and indirect ST&WR.

Cognitive Load and Situation Awareness for Soldiers: Effects of Message Presentation Rate and Sensory Modality

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin G. Hollands ◽  
Tzvi Spivak ◽  
Eric W. Kramkowski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Presentation Modality ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Response Task

Objective: We sought to determine the influence of message presentation rate (MPR) and sensory modality on soldier cognitive load. Background: Soldiers commonly communicate tactical information by radio. The Canadian Army is equipping soldiers with a battle management system (BMS), which also allows them to communicate by text. Method: We varied presentation modality (auditory vs. visual) and MPR (fast or slow) in an experiment involving a tactical scenario. Participants (soldiers) received messages and periodically provided situation reports to higher level command, and the scored reports were used to provide a measure of situation awareness (SA). The detection response task (DRT) and NASA-TLX were used to measure cognitive load. Results: The fast MPR reduced DRT accuracy and increased response times relative to slow MPR. The NASA-TLX results also showed higher subjective workload ratings for several subscales with fast MPR. Messages presented visually produced greater cognitive load, with slower DRT response times for the visual than the auditory condition. SA scores were higher with slower MPR and auditory presentation. There was no statistical interaction of presentation modality and rate for any measure. Conclusion: Fast MPR and visual presentation increased cognitive load and degraded SA. Application: These findings show that the DRT can be used to measure workload effectively in a tactical military context and that the method of information presentation affects how soldiers process information in a BMS.

scholarly journals Dependency Parsing with your Eyes: Dependency Structure Predicts Eye Regressions During Reading

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Lopopolo ◽  
Stefan L. Frank ◽  
Antal van den Bosch ◽  
Roel M. Willems
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Dependency Parsing ◽  
Text Difficulty ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Dependency Structure ◽  
Structural Reanalysis ◽  
Dependency Parser ◽  
Short Narrative

Backward saccades during reading have been hypothesized to be involved in structural reanalysis, or to be related to the level of text difficulty. We test the hypothesis that backward saccades are involved in online syntactic analysis. If this is the case we expect that saccades will coincide, at least partially, with the edges of the relations computed by a dependency parser. In order to test this, we analyzed a large eye-tracking dataset collected while 102 participants read three short narrative texts. Our results show a relation between backward saccades and the syntactic structure of sentences.

scholarly journals The impact of text presentation on translator performance

Target ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Läubli ◽  
Patrick Simianer ◽  
Joern Wuebker ◽  
Geza Kovacs ◽  
Rico Sennrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Text Presentation ◽  
Controlled Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Abstract Widely used computer-aided translation (CAT) tools divide documents into segments, such as sentences, and arrange them side-by-side in a spreadsheet-like view. We present the first controlled evaluation of these design choices on translator performance, measuring speed and accuracy in three experimental text-processing tasks. We find significant evidence that sentence-by-sentence presentation enables faster text reproduction and within-sentence error identification compared to unsegmented text, and that a top-and-bottom arrangement of source and target sentences enables faster text reproduction compared to a side-by-side arrangement. For revision, on the other hand, we find that presenting unsegmented text results in the highest accuracy and time efficiency. Our findings have direct implications for best practices in designing CAT tools.

scholarly journals Differences in text processing by low- and high-comprehending beginning readers of expository and narrative texts: Evidence from eye movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 101752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Kraal ◽  
Paul W. van den Broek ◽  
Arnout W. Koornneef ◽  
Lesya Y. Ganushchak ◽  
Nadira Saab
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Narrative Texts

Some Possible Limitations of Feedback in Instruction

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 731-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Langer ◽  
Verne Keenan ◽  
Christina Medosch-Schonbeck
Keyword(s):  
Text Processing ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Original Order ◽  
University Of Colorado ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Final Sentence ◽  
Undergraduate Psychology ◽  
The University ◽  
Sentence Order

This study explored the effect of varying amounts of feedback on the reconstruction of scrambled text. The subjects were undergraduate psychology students at the University of Colorado. Half the subjects reconstructed a 26-sentence passage dealing with Watergate, while the other half read either the same scrambled version or the original passage. The independent variables were amount of feedback available, reconstructing or reading, and time of testing (immediate vs delayed). Dependent variables included percentage of idea units recalled, percentage of original sentences recognized from paraphrases, and for the subjects who reconstructed the text concordance ( tau) between their final sentence order and the sequence of the original passage. Among the findings were (1) no statistically significant differences between feedback groups for percent of idea units recalled, and percent recognition scores; (2) concordance ( tau) with the original order of sentences increased with greater amounts of feedback but was not associated with higher recall or recognition scores; and (3) the process of reconstruction assisted recognition but not recall. The implications of these findings for current assumptions about feedback and text processing are assessed.

Nanostructure of semiconductor quantum dots in a borosilicate glass matrix by complementary use of HREM and AEM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-729
Author(s):  
M.J. Kim ◽  
L.C. Liu ◽  
S.H. Risbud ◽  
R.W. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Electron Hole ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

When the size of a semiconductor is reduced by an appropriate materials processing technique to a dimension less than about twice the radius of an exciton in the bulk crystal, the band like structure of the semiconductor gives way to discrete molecular orbital electronic states. Clusters of semiconductors in a size regime lower than 2R {where R is the exciton Bohr radius; e.g. 3 nm for CdS and 7.3 nm for CdTe) are called Quantum Dots (QD) because they confine optically excited electron- hole pairs (excitons) in all three spatial dimensions. Structures based on QD are of great interest because of fast response times and non-linearity in optical switching applications.In this paper we report the first HREM analysis of the size and structure of CdTe and CdS QD formed by precipitation from a modified borosilicate glass matrix. The glass melts were quenched by pouring on brass plates, and then annealed to relieve internal stresses. QD precipitate particles were formed during subsequent "striking" heat treatments above the glass crystallization temperature, which was determined by differential thermal analysis.

Compact and efficient gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes for microfuel cells and gas sensors

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda V. Fernandez ◽  
Rocío T. Tosello ◽  
José L. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Hydrogen Oxidation ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Gas Diffusion Electrodes ◽  
Nanoporous Alumina ◽  
Alumina Membranes ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Microfuel Cells

Gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes electrocatalyze hydrogen oxidation at high diffusion-limiting current densities with fast response times.

The S-SH Confusion Test and the Effects of Frequency Lowering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1486-1505
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Compression ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Minimal Word ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Negative Side Effects

PurposeFrequency lowering in hearing aids can cause listeners to perceive [s] as [ʃ]. The S-SH Confusion Test, which consists of 66 minimal word pairs spoken by 6 female talkers, was designed to help clinicians and researchers document these negative side effects. This study's purpose was to use this new test to evaluate the hypothesis that these confusions will increase to the extent that low frequencies are altered.MethodTwenty-one listeners with normal hearing were each tested on 7 conditions. Three were control conditions that were low-pass filtered at 3.3, 5.0, and 9.1 kHz. Four conditions were processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC): 2 had a 3.3-kHz maximum audible output frequency (MAOF), with a start frequency (SF) of 1.6 or 2.2 kHz; 2 had a 5.0-kHz MAOF, with an SF of 1.6 or 4.0 kHz. Listeners' responses were analyzed using concepts from signal detection theory. Response times were also collected as a measure of cognitive processing.ResultsOverall, [s] for [ʃ] confusions were minimal. As predicted, [ʃ] for [s] confusions increased for NFC conditions with a lower versus higher MAOF and with a lower versus higher SF. Response times for trials with correct [s] responses were shortest for the 9.1-kHz control and increased for the 5.0- and 3.3-kHz controls. NFC response times were also significantly longer as MAOF and SF decreased. The NFC condition with the highest MAOF and SF had statistically shorter response times than its control condition, indicating that, under some circumstances, NFC may ease cognitive processing.ConclusionsLarge differences in the S-SH Confusion Test across frequency-lowering conditions show that it can be used to document a major negative side effect associated with frequency lowering. Smaller but significant differences in response times for correct [s] trials indicate that NFC can help or hinder cognitive processing, depending on its settings.

Sharing Expository Texts with Preschool Children in Special Education

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Breit-Smith ◽  
Jamie Busch ◽  
Ying Guo
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Expository Texts ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Preschool Special Education ◽  
Limited Availability

Although a general limited availability of expository texts currently exists in preschool special education classrooms, expository texts offer speech-language pathologists (SLPs) a rich context for addressing the language goals of preschool children with language impairment on their caseloads. Thus, this article highlights the differences between expository and narrative texts and describes how SLPs might use expository texts for targeting preschool children's goals related to listening comprehension, vocabulary, and syntactic relationships.

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