scholarly journals Ecological opportunity and adaptive radiations reveal eco-evolutionary perspectives on community structure in competitive communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Pontarp
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Limiting Similarity ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Ecological Opportunity ◽  
Community Patterns ◽  
Common View ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Community Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIt is well known that ecological and evolutionary processes act in concert while shaping biological communities. Diversification can, for example, arise through ecological opportunity and adaptive radiations and competition play an essential role in such diversification. Eco-evolutionary components of competition are thus important for our understanding of community assembly. Such understanding in turn facilitates interpretation of trait- and phylogenetic community patterns in the light of the processes that shape them. Here, I investigate the link between competition, diversification, and trait- and phylogenetic- community patterns using a trait-based model of adaptive radiations. I evaluate the paradigm that competition is an ecological process that drives large trait- and phylogenetic community distances through limiting similarity. Contrary to the common view, I identify low or in some cases counterintuitive relationships between competition and mean phylogenetic distances due to diversification late in evolutionary time and peripheral parts of niche space when competition is weak. Community patterns as a function of competition also change as diversification progresses as the relationship between competition and trait similarity among species can flip from positive to negative with time. The results thus provide novel perspectives on community assembly and emphasize the importance of acknowledging eco-evolutionary processes when interpreting community data.

PERSOALAN KEHIDUPAN KONTEMPORER: MENGGAGAS KAJIAN SACHEDINA TENTANG THEOLOGI PLURALISME

EMPIRISMA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Limas Dodi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Common View ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Religious Differences

According to Abdulaziz Sachedina, the main argument of religious pluralism in the Qur’an based on the relationship between private belief (personal) and public projection of Islam in society. By regarding to private faith, the Qur’an being noninterventionist (for example, all forms of human authority should not be disturb the inner beliefs of individuals). While the public projection of faith, the Qur’an attitude based on the principle of coexistence. There is the willingness of the dominant race provide the freedom for people of other faiths with their own rules. Rules could shape how to run their affairs and to live side by side with the Muslims. Thus, based on the principle that the people of Indonesia are Muslim majority, it should be a mirror of a societie’s recognizion, respects and execution of religious pluralism. Abdul Aziz Sachedina called for Muslims to rediscover the moral concerns of public Islam in peace. The call for peace seemed to indicate that the existence of increasingly weakened in the religious sense of the Muslims and hence need to be reaffi rmed. Sachedina also like to emphasize that the position of peace in Islam is parallel with a variety of other doctrines, such as: prayer, fasting, pilgrimage and so on. Sachedina also tried to show the argument that the common view among religious groups is only one religion and traditions of other false and worthless. “Antipluralist” argument comes amid the reality of human religious differences. Keywords: Theology, Pluralism, Abdulaziz Sachedina

scholarly journals Alien Species vs. Native Species: From Community Ecology to Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andersonn Silveira Prestes
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Individualized Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The establishment and spread of exotic species is a contemporary major concern. Alien species may become invasive in their new habitat, leading to both/either environmental and/or economic impacts. I briefly reviewed the literature in the last decade about the relationship of exotic species and native communities. I identified that professionals usually approach the subject in two main points of view: (1) researchers tend to point out the impacts of alien species on entire communities, evaluating if the relationship is positive, negative or neutral; (2) they focus on the eco-evolutionary processes involved in the introductions, the dynamics of invasion, and individual study cases. When evaluating the response of introductions to entire communities, evidence seems to be ambiguous and may support positive, negative or neutral relationship, especially depending on the scale approached. The unique eco-evolutionary pathways of each introduction may be a great shortcoming in the searching for generalities. On the other hand, advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of invasion on different lineages through a more selective/individualized approach. I suggest that the dynamics of invasion might be studied through a perspective in which different eco-evolutionary processes, levels of organization (from gene to entire communities), the history of the organism(s) and time are taken into account. Individual cases might be compared in attempt to understand how the relationship exotic and native works and in the search for generalities.

scholarly journals Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Shaping Viral Genetic Diversity

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cas Retel ◽  
Hanna Märkle ◽  
Lutz Becks ◽  
Philine Feulner
Keyword(s):  
Joint Effect ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
Genetic Inference

The contemporary genomic diversity of viruses is a result of the continuous and dynamic interaction of past ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus, genome sequences of viruses can be a valuable source of information about these processes. In this review, we first describe the relevant processes shaping viral genomic variation, with a focus on the role of host–virus coevolution and its potential to give rise to eco-evolutionary feedback loops. We further give a brief overview of available methodology designed to extract information about these processes from genomic data. Short generation times and small genomes make viruses ideal model systems to study the joint effect of complex coevolutionary and eco-evolutionary interactions on genetic evolution. This complexity, together with the diverse array of lifetime and reproductive strategies in viruses ask for extensions of existing inference methods, for example by integrating multiple information sources. Such integration can broaden the applicability of genetic inference methods and thus further improve our understanding of the role viruses play in biological communities.

scholarly journals The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: what is the debate about, and what might success for the extenders look like?

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Lewens
Keyword(s):  
Niche Construction ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Evolutionary Synthesis ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Extended Evolutionary Synthesis ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Debate over the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) ranges over three quite different domains of enquiry. Protagonists are committed to substantive positions regarding (1) empirical questions concerning (for example) the properties and prevalence of systems of epigenetic inheritance; (2) historical characterizations of the modern synthesis; and (3) conceptual/philosophical matters concerning (among other things) the nature of evolutionary processes, and the relationship between selection and adaptation. With these different aspects of the debate in view, it is possible to demonstrate the range of cross-cutting positions on offer when well-informed evolutionists consider their stance on the EES. This overview of the multiple dimensions of debate also enables clarification of two philosophical elements of the EES debate, regarding the status of niche-construction and the role of selection in explaining adaptation. Finally, it points the way to a possible resolution of the EES debate, via a pragmatic approach to evolutionary enquiry.

scholarly journals Effect of Organic Food Intake on Nitrogen Stable Isotopes

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2965
Author(s):  
Olivier L. Mantha ◽  
Maya Laxmi Patel ◽  
Régis Hankard ◽  
Arnaud De Luca
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Organic Food ◽  
Fish Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Common View ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Organic Food Consumption ◽  
The Relationship

Food choices affect the isotopic composition of the body with each food item leaving its distinct isotopic imprint. The common view is that the natural abundance of the stable isotopes of nitrogen (expressed as δ15N) is higher in animals than in plants that constitute our contemporary diets. Higher δ15N is thus increasingly viewed as a biomarker for meat and fish intake. Here we show that organic compared to conventional farming increases plant δ15N to an extent that can appreciably impact the performance of δ15N as a biomarker. The error that can arise when organic plants are consumed was modelled for the entire range of proportions of plant versus animal protein intake, and accounting for various intakes of organic and conventionally grown crops. This mass balance model allows the interpretation of differences in δ15N in light of organic food consumption. Our approach shows that the relationship between δ15N and meat and fish intake is highly contextual and susceptible to variation at the population, community or group level. We recommend that fertilization practices and organic plant consumption must not be overlooked when using δ15N as a biomarker for meat and fish intake or to assess compliance to nutritional interventions.

scholarly journals Ending the life of the act/omission dispute: causation in withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining measures

Legal Studies ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McGee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common View ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
End Of Life Decision ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Life Decision

The aim in this paper is to challenge the increasingly common view in the literature that the law on end-of-life decision making is in disarray and is in need of urgent reform. The argument is that this assessment of the law is based on assumptions about the relationship between the identity of the defendant and their conduct, and about the nature of causation, which, on examination, prove to be indefensible. A clarification of the relationship between causation and omissions is provided which proves that the current legal position does not need modification, at least on the grounds that are commonly advanced for the converse view. This paves the way for a clarification, in conclusion, of important conceptual and moral differences between withholding, refusing and withdrawing life-sustaining measures, on the one hand, and assisted suicide and euthanasia, on the other.

scholarly journals Co-occurrence of related asexual, but not sexual, lineages suggests that reproductive interference limits coexistence

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1868) ◽  
pp. 20171579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette Whitton ◽  
Christopher J. Sears ◽  
Wayne P. Maddison
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
North American ◽  
Community Assembly ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Limiting Similarity ◽  
Viable Pollen ◽  
Agamic Complex ◽  
The North ◽  
Strong Asymmetry

We used randomizations to analyse patterns of co-occurrence of sexual and apomictic (asexual) members of the North American Crepis agamic complex (Asteraceae). We expect strong asymmetry in reproductive interactions in Crepis : apomicts produce clonal seeds with no need for pollination and are not subject to reproductive interference from co-occurring relatives. However, because they still produce some viable pollen, apomicts can reduce reproductive success of nearby sexual relatives, potentially leading to eventual local exclusion of sexuals. Consistent with this, randomizations reveal that sexuals are over-represented in isolated sites, while apomicts freely co-occur. Incorporation of taxonomic and phylogenetic evidence indicates that this pattern is not driven by local origins of asexuals. Our evidence that patterns of local co-occurrence are structured by reproductive interference suggests an underappreciated role for these interactions in community assembly, and highlights the need for explicit tests of the relative contributions of ecological and reproductive interactions in generating patterns of limiting similarity.

scholarly journals Ecological opportunity and the origin of adaptive radiations

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1581-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. YODER ◽  
E. CLANCEY ◽  
S. DES ROCHES ◽  
J. M. EASTMAN ◽  
L. GENTRY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Opportunity ◽  
Adaptive Radiations

scholarly journals Iterative adaptive radiations of fossil canids show no evidence for diversity-dependent trait evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (16) ◽  
pp. 4897-4902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham J. Slater
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Ecological Opportunity ◽  
Radiation Theory ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Adaptive Peak ◽  
Adaptive Zone

A long-standing hypothesis in adaptive radiation theory is that ecological opportunity constrains rates of phenotypic evolution, generating a burst of morphological disparity early in clade history. Empirical support for the early burst model is rare in comparative data, however. One possible reason for this lack of support is that most phylogenetic tests have focused on extant clades, neglecting information from fossil taxa. Here, I test for the expected signature of adaptive radiation using the outstanding 40-My fossil record of North American canids. Models implying time- and diversity-dependent rates of morphological evolution are strongly rejected for two ecologically important traits, body size and grinding area of the molar teeth. Instead, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes implying repeated, and sometimes rapid, attraction to distinct dietary adaptive peaks receive substantial support. Diversity-dependent rates of morphological evolution seem uncommon in clades, such as canids, that exhibit a pattern of replicated adaptive radiation. Instead, these clades might best be thought of as deterministic radiations in constrained Simpsonian subzones of a major adaptive zone. Support for adaptive peak models may be diagnostic of subzonal radiations. It remains to be seen whether early burst or ecological opportunity models can explain broader adaptive radiations, such as the evolution of higher taxa.

scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics: a practical guide for biologists

2018 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Govaert
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Community Data

It is well-known that ecological and evolutionary processes can occur on similar time scales resulting in eco-evolutionary dynamics. One of the main questions in eco-evolutionary dynamics involves the assessment of the relative contribution of evolution, ecology and their interaction in the eco-evolutionary change under study. This has led to the development of several methods aimed to quantify the contributions of ecology and evolution to observed trait change, here referred to as eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics. This study provides an overview on currently-used partitioning metrics with a focus on methods that can quantify evolutionary and non-evolutionary contributions to population and community trait change. I highlight key differences between these metrics found in previous studies. Additionally, I also provide a detailed comparison between the ‘Geber’ method and the reaction norm approach. Next, I provide a guideline for researchers to assess which metrics are best suited for their data, give an overview on the type of data needed for these metrics, and how this data can be collected with a focus on community data.

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