An ʿĀ lim in the Russian Empire

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-90
Author(s):  
Nathan Spannaus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Islamic Institutions

Following the Russian conquests of the 16th century, ulama became the foremost social authorities for Volga-Ural Muslims. Tsarist efforts at governing the Muslim population increasingly focused on them in the 18th century, with greater tolerance and state support for Islamic institutions alongside a co-optation of scholars’ authority. In 1788, the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly was founded, placing all ulama under a hierarchy controlled by the state. The Spiritual Assembly offered stability and permanence to Islamic institutions, allowing for a flourishing in Islamic scholarship, but it also transformed the ulama and application of Islamic law. This chapter addresses Muslims’ shifting relationship to the Russian state and the structural changes to Islamic institutions, and how this impacted scholarship. Focusing specifically on ulama in the 18th and early 19th centuries, it places Qursawi’s life and career within this context, particularly his education, the formation of his thought, and his condemnation in Bukhara for heresy.

scholarly journals Non-Russians at Royal Coronations: The Ethnic Politics of the Empire in Ceremonies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Trepavlov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Politics ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Internal Policy ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Ethnic Policy ◽  
Selection Of

This article considers the participation of representatives of the non-Slavic population of the Russian Empire in the coronation ceremony of the monarch. The author of the article refers both to published and archival sources from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. On the basis of these documents, it is demonstrated how “alien” deputations were compiled for participation in the “sacred coronation” ceremony; how officials in the centre and periphery selected deputies who they thought were worthy; in which capacity they attended the ceremony; and what value it had for the internal policy of the state. The cooperation with the elites of the peoples that made up the Russian Empire was one of the leading principles of ethnic politics. An important means of involving ethnic elites (as well as the non-Slavic population in general) in the life of the state and implementing government policies was to form a cult of the Russian monarch. The convocation of multiethnic masses in the Kremlin and other Moscow celebrations not only marked the national diversity of Russia but was also meant to demonstrate the unity of all its inhabitants around the new autocrat. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the symbolic capital of supreme power. The article reveals how it was maintained and supported in the eyes of different ethnic subjects. Participation in a series of coronation rituals was also important for the non-Russian subjects themselves. It was an opportunity to represent one’s people. Gradually, an algorithm was developed for the selection of people invited to the celebration. Representatives of the ethnic elite, aristocracy, and highest clergy were seen as the most desirable, although by the end of the nineteenth century, it was considered reasonable to invite commoners. The participation of representatives of the country’s peoples in the ceremony of enthronement was an important element of imperial ethnic policy.

tate Charters of 19th Century in the Collections of the Russian State Library

2009 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Pavel G. Petin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
State Library ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article contains information on the State deeds of the Russian Empire of the 19th century stored at the Russian State Library and considers peculiarities of that unique historic source.

Studying the History of the State Control in the Russian Empire During the Period of the Duma Monarchy

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Ziqiu Chen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Council Of Ministers

After the establishment of constitutional monarchy in Russia as a result of the 1905–1906 reforms, the position of the Russian State Control (imperial audit service) changed. Formerly relatively independent, the State Control, whose head was directly accountable to the Emperor, now found itself in the united government, i.e. the Council of Ministers. The undermined independence of the State Control provoked a wide public discussion, which involved Duma deputies, employees of the State Control as well as competent Russian economists and financial experts, who made relevant recommendations calling for reducing the number of state institutions that were unaccountable to the audit service and giving the latter more independence. This paper analyses the key works of pre-revolutionary authors published in the early 20th century and devoted to the history of the State Control of the Russian Empire. Both in the imperial period and today, the Russian audit institution, in contrast with political, historical and military topics, has been of primary interest not to historians, but to economists, financiers and lawyers, since it requires special knowledge of the State Control’s technical mechanisms. Based on this, the author selected the following works that require thorough examination: How People’s Money Is Spent in Russia by I.Kh. Ozerov, On the Transformation of the State Control by Yu.V. Tansky, an official anniversary edition State Control. 1811–1911, and Essays on the Russian Budget Law. Part 1 by L.N. Yasnopolsky. The author of this article considers these works to be the highest quality studies on the Russian State Control at the beginning of the 20th century and their analysis to be of unquestionable importance for contemporary research into the history of the Russian audit institution.

Diplomatic Ceremonial of the 18th Century in the Ottoman Empire throught the Eyes of Russian Diplomats

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Kozub
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of diplomatic ceremonial in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. Special attention is paid to such elements of the protocol as the meeting of foreign representatives, the presentation of gifts, the meal, the location of officials during the reception, and some other features. The authors analyze the notes and reports of Russian diplomats who visited the receptions of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the Grand Vizier. Thanks to these sources, it was possible to learn the details of the ceremony and note the fact that Russian diplomats tried to describe what was happening at the receptions in such a way as to emphasize a special attitude towards themselves. In confirmation of this, the authors provide excerpts from preserved sources. In addition, the article draws attention to the fact that many elements of the protocol depended on the status of foreign representatives. In the Ottoman Empire, hierarchy played a significant role. The envoy could not be treated with the same dishware as the ambassador, and the ambassador, in turn, could not be treated with the same dishware as the Grand Vizier. The conclusion drawn in this article is that some elements of the diplomatic ceremonial could change depending on the representatives of which state came to the audience in the Ottoman Empire. Russian ambassadors and envoys were treated more hospitably than representatives of other states because of the Russian Empire's victories in the two Russo-Turkish wars. At receptions with Russian diplomats, there were changes in the protocol by decree of the Ottoman Sultan, in order to demonstrate respect not only for Russian officials, but also for the state as a whole.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL STATUS OF THE KALMYK KHANA IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER V. TSYURUMOV ◽  
◽  
ANDREY A. KURAPOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the study of one of the most important problems of modern historical science - the history of the formation of the Russian multinational state. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the state and political statuses of the national autonomies of Russia - the Kalmyk Khanate and the Hetman's Ukraine. The statehood of the Kalmyk nomads arose after their entry into the Russian state in the first half of the 17th century. It is shown that the nature of the Russian-Kalmyk relations during this period makes it possible to define them as a protectorate of Russia over the Kalmyk uluses. The article examines the formation of the Russian-Kalmyk interaction, the evolution of the status, territorial framework and geopolitical position of the Kalmyk Khanate. At the beginning of the second quarter of the 18th century. After the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz migrated to Emba, the Kalmyk lands partially lost their border status and began to increasingly resemble the inner territory of the Russian Empire. A gradual transformation of political autonomy into administrative one begins. The article describes the main features of the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate in the period of the 17th - early 18th centuries: the preservation of the traditional administrative structure, the concentration of administrative, judicial, legislative and fiscal power in the hands of the secular elite, the inheritance of the supreme power in the Torgout dynasty. The paper determines that the new geopolitical status of the Kalmyk Khanate after the second quarter of the 17th century also changed the state policy in relation to it - the system of government of the khanate was unified, political independence was eliminated, the khanate was being integrated into the general imperial administrative and political system. The restrictive policy of Russia in relation to the Kalmyk Khanate, the government's interference in the hereditary question contributed to the beginning of the political fragmentation of the Khanate in the second half of the 20s - the first half of the 30s of the 18th century, political crises of the second half of the 18th century, and the crisis of 1771. The material presented in the article makes it possible to highlight general patterns in the political status of the Kalmyk Khanate and Ukraine in the 17-18th centuries.

scholarly journals ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN SIBERIA IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE-CONFESSIONAL POLICY (THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
TATYANA G. NEDZELYUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
Roman Catholics

The article studies the peculiarities of the state and confessional policy of the Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries in relation to Roman Catholics. The materials that served as the basis for the study are stored both in the Russian State Historical Archive and in the archives of Siberian cities: Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk. Government orders of identical content were sent to all Siberian provincial centers, but in Tomsk they are in the best state of preservation, which gave us the opportunity to systematize them and use them for analysis. Government orders of identical content were sent to all Siberian provincial centers, but they are in the Tomsk State Archive in the best degree of preservation, which gave us the opportunity to systematize them and use them for analysis. The study revealed that the initiative to create the first Catholic parishes in Siberia belonged to the government and was dictated by the desire to remove the clergy of the Jesuit оrder from the capital...

scholarly journals The Experience of the Constitutional Development in the Russian Empire on the Territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 64-66
Author(s):  
Valentina V. Naumkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Management Experience ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article considers the state policy in the field of constitutional legislation in the XIX century on certain territories of the Russian state. The expansion of the state’s territory led to the presence of a heterogeneous population in terms of socio-economic development, religious beliefs, and lifestyle. The purpose of this article is to highlight the features of constitutional development in Poland and Finland. The state policy was aimed at the gradual integration of Poland and Finland into national processes. In fact, the Russian Empire recognized the effect of existing norms. The existence of regional constitutions and its own system of government contributed to the development of autonomous territories. The privileges of the population of the new territories relieved political tension. Constitutional norms of regional acts and management experience were used in carrying out state reforms.

scholarly journals CENSORSHIP AS AN ELEMENT OF STATE-CONFESSIONAL POLICY TO CONTROL THE MUSLIM COMMUNITIES OF SIBERIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
PETR K. DASHKOVSKIY ◽  
◽  
ELENA A. SHERSHNEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
First World

The article analyzes the role of censorship in the Russian Empire as a tool for controlling the printed publications of the Muslims of Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The source base of the study was archival materials of the Russian State Historical Archive, the State Archive of the Altai Territory and the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and, as well as regulatory legal acts regulating the process of publishing printed materials in the Russian Empire. Based on the sources under consideration, it is concluded that at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, the number of Muslim printed publications in the territory of the Russian Empire increased. The Muslim population of the country is beginning to worry about issues related to the life of the Russian Ummah in the regions, as well as the participation of Muslims in the political life of the country. The activity of Muslims in the field of publishing, as well as events in the country at the beginning of the 20th century (the First Russian Revolution, the First World War) led to increased state censorship of printed materials...

scholarly journals DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XVIII CENTURY - MILITARY-HISTORICAL ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Damir G. Khayarov
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the historical and social aspects of the interaction of the state and military personnel with disabilities. The basic initial stages of the formation of social work in the young Russian empire with war invalids in the 18th century are considered.

scholarly journals Sources for Studying Administration Policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh Steppe in the 18th Century and in the First Half of the 19th Century from the Archives of Russia and Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
pp. 892-901
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Vasilyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Central State ◽  
Regional Administration ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reviews major groups of sources on the administration policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century. Acts of law and legislative drafts make up the first group. Materials of the Asian and the Siberian Committees, supreme bodies directly involved in imperial policy-making in the Kazakh steppe, form the second group. Official correspondence (dispatches, official reports, statements, official notes, directions, and letters) of the major regional and central authorities that concern the carrying out the state policy in the southeast periphery are included in the third group. Studying laws, bills, and supporting materials allows not just to highlight changes in governmental views over time, but also to understand basic principles underlying state policies. Legislation concerning the Kazakh steppe was deposited in the archives of the State Council, the Governing Senate, the Committee of Ministers, the Asian Committee, the Siberian Committee, the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Some pertinent materials can be found in papers of the Siberian Prikaz and, in some measure, of the Ambassadorial Prikaz: they contain documents on the establishment of diplomatic and trade relations with the Kazakhs. Fonds of the governing bodies of the Russian Empire store unpublished legislation and documents on the legislative process (drafts, materials for their discussion, etc.), correspondence of high-ranking officials with regional administration and traditional Kazakh elite. Some legal documents of imperial lawmaking are deposited in archival fonds of central governing bodies – the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Ministry of War. A sizeable portion of materials on discussions of legislative drafts is stored in regional archives, in fonds of local (regional) administrative agencies (boards, offices of military governors and governor generals) and in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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