Diplomatic Ceremonial of the 18th Century in the Ottoman Empire throught the Eyes of Russian Diplomats

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Kozub
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of diplomatic ceremonial in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. Special attention is paid to such elements of the protocol as the meeting of foreign representatives, the presentation of gifts, the meal, the location of officials during the reception, and some other features. The authors analyze the notes and reports of Russian diplomats who visited the receptions of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the Grand Vizier. Thanks to these sources, it was possible to learn the details of the ceremony and note the fact that Russian diplomats tried to describe what was happening at the receptions in such a way as to emphasize a special attitude towards themselves. In confirmation of this, the authors provide excerpts from preserved sources. In addition, the article draws attention to the fact that many elements of the protocol depended on the status of foreign representatives. In the Ottoman Empire, hierarchy played a significant role. The envoy could not be treated with the same dishware as the ambassador, and the ambassador, in turn, could not be treated with the same dishware as the Grand Vizier. The conclusion drawn in this article is that some elements of the diplomatic ceremonial could change depending on the representatives of which state came to the audience in the Ottoman Empire. Russian ambassadors and envoys were treated more hospitably than representatives of other states because of the Russian Empire's victories in the two Russo-Turkish wars. At receptions with Russian diplomats, there were changes in the protocol by decree of the Ottoman Sultan, in order to demonstrate respect not only for Russian officials, but also for the state as a whole.

An ʿĀ lim in the Russian Empire

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-90
Author(s):  
Nathan Spannaus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Islamic Institutions

Following the Russian conquests of the 16th century, ulama became the foremost social authorities for Volga-Ural Muslims. Tsarist efforts at governing the Muslim population increasingly focused on them in the 18th century, with greater tolerance and state support for Islamic institutions alongside a co-optation of scholars’ authority. In 1788, the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly was founded, placing all ulama under a hierarchy controlled by the state. The Spiritual Assembly offered stability and permanence to Islamic institutions, allowing for a flourishing in Islamic scholarship, but it also transformed the ulama and application of Islamic law. This chapter addresses Muslims’ shifting relationship to the Russian state and the structural changes to Islamic institutions, and how this impacted scholarship. Focusing specifically on ulama in the 18th and early 19th centuries, it places Qursawi’s life and career within this context, particularly his education, the formation of his thought, and his condemnation in Bukhara for heresy.

Ottoman-Russian Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Brisku
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

Four-centuries-long encounters between the Ottoman Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy/Russian Empire point to complex relations that have been triggered and defined mostly by territorial, trade disputes, and wars, and maintained by diplomatic rivalry and occasional military alliances. Starting as friendly encounters during Sultan Bayezid II reign at the beginning of the 16th century, these relations, essentially and persistently asymmetrical, reveal an initial and long Ottoman dominance over the Muscovy/Russian side; one that lasted from the early 16th to the late 18th century—whereby the two sides shared no direct borders, traded and did not fight each other until the late 17th century—followed by a late 18th-century and mid-19th-century Russian ascendency. This ascendency was achieved largely thanks to the military reform that Tsar/Emperor Peter the Great undertook, namely, the establishment of a standing and professional army and consequentially due to the many wars that Russia won throughout the 19th century; the decisive ones being those fought during the reign of Empress Catherine the Great. The mid-19th century and the early 20th century—which witnessed the implosion of the Russian Empire due to the Bolshevik Revolution and the break-up of the Ottoman Empire by Britain and France—was a long period that saw few and brief military alliances, contested trade relations and yet continued wars. It was ultimately marred by an Ottoman drive to counterbalance Russia’s dominance, while the latter sought to preserve it, by involving other European powers (British and French)—the most crucial moment being the British, French, and Ottoman armies defeating the Russian one in the Crimean War (1853–1856)—transforming their bilateral interactions into multilateral but unsustainable relations.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL STATUS OF THE KALMYK KHANA IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER V. TSYURUMOV ◽  
◽  
ANDREY A. KURAPOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the study of one of the most important problems of modern historical science - the history of the formation of the Russian multinational state. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the state and political statuses of the national autonomies of Russia - the Kalmyk Khanate and the Hetman's Ukraine. The statehood of the Kalmyk nomads arose after their entry into the Russian state in the first half of the 17th century. It is shown that the nature of the Russian-Kalmyk relations during this period makes it possible to define them as a protectorate of Russia over the Kalmyk uluses. The article examines the formation of the Russian-Kalmyk interaction, the evolution of the status, territorial framework and geopolitical position of the Kalmyk Khanate. At the beginning of the second quarter of the 18th century. After the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz migrated to Emba, the Kalmyk lands partially lost their border status and began to increasingly resemble the inner territory of the Russian Empire. A gradual transformation of political autonomy into administrative one begins. The article describes the main features of the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate in the period of the 17th - early 18th centuries: the preservation of the traditional administrative structure, the concentration of administrative, judicial, legislative and fiscal power in the hands of the secular elite, the inheritance of the supreme power in the Torgout dynasty. The paper determines that the new geopolitical status of the Kalmyk Khanate after the second quarter of the 17th century also changed the state policy in relation to it - the system of government of the khanate was unified, political independence was eliminated, the khanate was being integrated into the general imperial administrative and political system. The restrictive policy of Russia in relation to the Kalmyk Khanate, the government's interference in the hereditary question contributed to the beginning of the political fragmentation of the Khanate in the second half of the 20s - the first half of the 30s of the 18th century, political crises of the second half of the 18th century, and the crisis of 1771. The material presented in the article makes it possible to highlight general patterns in the political status of the Kalmyk Khanate and Ukraine in the 17-18th centuries.

THE BURDENS OF SUBJECTHOOD: THE OTTOMAN STATE, RUSSIAN FUGITIVES, AND INTERIMPERIAL LAW, 1774–1869

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Geographic Boundaries ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Treaty Law ◽  
The Russian Empire

AbstractThis article analyzes the changing treaty law and practice governing the Ottoman state's attitude toward the subjects of its most important neighbor and most inveterate rival: the Russian Empire. The two empires were linked by both migration and unfreedom; alongside Russian slaves forcibly brought to the sultans’ domains, many others came as fugitives from serfdom and conscription. But beginning in the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire reinforced Russian serfdom and conscription by agreeing to return fugitives, even as the same treaties undermined Ottoman forced labor by mandating the return of Russian slaves. Drawing extensively on Ottoman archival sources, this article argues that the resulting interimperial regulations on unfreedom and movement hardened the empires’ human and geographic boundaries, so that for many Russian subjects, foreign subjecthood under treaty law was not a privilege, but a liability.

scholarly journals DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XVIII CENTURY - MILITARY-HISTORICAL ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Damir G. Khayarov
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the historical and social aspects of the interaction of the state and military personnel with disabilities. The basic initial stages of the formation of social work in the young Russian empire with war invalids in the 18th century are considered.

scholarly journals Sources for Studying Administration Policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh Steppe in the 18th Century and in the First Half of the 19th Century from the Archives of Russia and Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
pp. 892-901
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Vasilyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Central State ◽  
Regional Administration ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reviews major groups of sources on the administration policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century. Acts of law and legislative drafts make up the first group. Materials of the Asian and the Siberian Committees, supreme bodies directly involved in imperial policy-making in the Kazakh steppe, form the second group. Official correspondence (dispatches, official reports, statements, official notes, directions, and letters) of the major regional and central authorities that concern the carrying out the state policy in the southeast periphery are included in the third group. Studying laws, bills, and supporting materials allows not just to highlight changes in governmental views over time, but also to understand basic principles underlying state policies. Legislation concerning the Kazakh steppe was deposited in the archives of the State Council, the Governing Senate, the Committee of Ministers, the Asian Committee, the Siberian Committee, the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Some pertinent materials can be found in papers of the Siberian Prikaz and, in some measure, of the Ambassadorial Prikaz: they contain documents on the establishment of diplomatic and trade relations with the Kazakhs. Fonds of the governing bodies of the Russian Empire store unpublished legislation and documents on the legislative process (drafts, materials for their discussion, etc.), correspondence of high-ranking officials with regional administration and traditional Kazakh elite. Some legal documents of imperial lawmaking are deposited in archival fonds of central governing bodies – the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Ministry of War. A sizeable portion of materials on discussions of legislative drafts is stored in regional archives, in fonds of local (regional) administrative agencies (boards, offices of military governors and governor generals) and in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Bulghar Region as a “Land of Ignorance”: Anti-Colonial Discourse in Khvārazmian Connectivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204
Author(s):  
Alfrid K. Bustanov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
Stable Bridge ◽  
Migrant Community ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Volga Ural Region

Hagiographic sources from nineteenth-century Inner Russia and Khvārazm indicate the existence of a cluster of Muslims opposed to the state-supported Islamic institutions of the Russian Empire. Many Muslim scholars of the period did not accord the Volga-Ural region the status of an ‘abode of Islam,’ as they considered it to be a ‘land of ignorance.’ This paper examines the significance attached by Muslims of Inner Russia to the pious rhetoric of resettlement from a ‘land of ignorance’ to the ‘abode of Islam’. I argue that the opposition to the already well-established imperial structures in the Volga-Urals resulted in the formation of a powerful migrant community near Urgench, Khvārazm, that used the Naqshbandiya-Mojaddediya Sufi networks as a stable bridge to home.

scholarly journals Montenegrin ruling dynasty of Petrović-Njegoš and the formation of national statehood

2020 ◽  
pp. 214-232
Author(s):  
Natalia G. Strunina-Borodina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
External Threat ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study traces the history of the Montenegrin lands during the reign of the Petrović-Njegoš family that lasted for more than two centuries, and also examines the main milestones in the formation of Montenegro’s national statehood. Despite the constant external threat (mainly from the Ottoman Empire), self-identity of the Montenegrin people was not eliminated. Throughout the 19th century the formation of state institutions was taking place within the country; with constant help from the Russian Empire Montenegro received recognition of its independence following the results of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878 and the status of a kingdom in 1910.

scholarly journals The governmental policy on forest beekeeping in the Russian Empire in the 18th—19th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
M. V. Loskutova ◽  
A. A. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Private Property ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The 19Th Century

Based on published and archival sources, the paper considers the transformations in Russian legislation and administrative policies on forest beekeeping (harvesting honey from owned or tended nests in forests) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It demonstrates how in the course of the eighteenth century, the ownership of bee nests started violating the concept of absolute private property over forests, which was increasingly incompatible with the rights of other individuals to exploit natural resources on the same territory. From the early decades of the 19th century, borders were gradually demarcated between forested areas belonging to the state and private owners, and between the state forests and those designated for the use of state peasants. This process made possible to exercise the concept of absolute private property over forests in practice. These changes in legislation and the forest cadastre were closely linked to the making of ‘forestry science’ that developed in the late 18th century under the influence of a growing demand for timber needed for the navies and merchant fleets of all European states. The precepts of ‘forestry science’ were dictated by its objective to maximise profits by focusing on the production of commercially valuable sorts of timber. By the early 19th century, this logic prompted the forest administration of the Russian empire to start contemplating measures that would obstruct any alternative forms of forest exploitation, such as harvesting honey from tended trees. The paper considers in details the tightening of administrative regulations in this area, as imposed by the Ministry of State Domains that reached its peak in the Great Reforms era, and analyses the mechanisms that translated these general causes at work into specific policies.

SEARCH AND PUNISHMENT OF "THIEVES” AND “ROBBERS” IN THE LEGAL CULTURE OF THE PERIOD OF THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH PETROVNA

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Irina M. Chirskova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Legislative Measures ◽  
Investigation Procedure

Based on the analysis of the legislative sources of the Russian Empire in the middle of the 18th century, the article examines important aspects of the formation of legal culture during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. This was expressed in the introduction of special state measures aimed at detecting and punishing robbery, plundering the treasury, causing damage to trade and means of communication. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, a system of state measures to combat “thieves” and “robbers” took shape, and the responsibility of local authorities for the search and capture of “villains” significantly increased. Since the empress abolished the death penalty, the concept of “political death”, which had been used earlier, acquired special significance in the system of state legislation. New legislative measures were aimed at raising the status of government representatives – detectives, the legitimacy of the investigation procedure, toughening penalties for violation of public order, and saving public funds. However, as the documents show, during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, the state power was never able to achieve significant results in this area, as evidenced by the recurrence of imperial decrees and the ascertaining of new violations in them.

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