scholarly journals DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XVIII CENTURY - MILITARY-HISTORICAL ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Damir G. Khayarov
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the historical and social aspects of the interaction of the state and military personnel with disabilities. The basic initial stages of the formation of social work in the young Russian empire with war invalids in the 18th century are considered.

An ʿĀ lim in the Russian Empire

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-90
Author(s):  
Nathan Spannaus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Islamic Institutions

Following the Russian conquests of the 16th century, ulama became the foremost social authorities for Volga-Ural Muslims. Tsarist efforts at governing the Muslim population increasingly focused on them in the 18th century, with greater tolerance and state support for Islamic institutions alongside a co-optation of scholars’ authority. In 1788, the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly was founded, placing all ulama under a hierarchy controlled by the state. The Spiritual Assembly offered stability and permanence to Islamic institutions, allowing for a flourishing in Islamic scholarship, but it also transformed the ulama and application of Islamic law. This chapter addresses Muslims’ shifting relationship to the Russian state and the structural changes to Islamic institutions, and how this impacted scholarship. Focusing specifically on ulama in the 18th and early 19th centuries, it places Qursawi’s life and career within this context, particularly his education, the formation of his thought, and his condemnation in Bukhara for heresy.

Police functions of magistrates in the legislation of the Russian Empire of the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 244-251
Author(s):  
Andrey Klimov ◽  
Yuliya Saleeva
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Police Functions

Based on the analysis of normative legal acts regulating the activities of magistrates in the cities of the Russian Empire, the article identifies, summarizes and describes the police functions of magistrates performed by them along with administrative, judicial, fiscal and other functions, and also shows the role of city self-government bodies in the formation and development of police in the cities of the Russian Empire of the XVIII century.

Diplomatic Ceremonial of the 18th Century in the Ottoman Empire throught the Eyes of Russian Diplomats

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Kozub
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of diplomatic ceremonial in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. Special attention is paid to such elements of the protocol as the meeting of foreign representatives, the presentation of gifts, the meal, the location of officials during the reception, and some other features. The authors analyze the notes and reports of Russian diplomats who visited the receptions of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the Grand Vizier. Thanks to these sources, it was possible to learn the details of the ceremony and note the fact that Russian diplomats tried to describe what was happening at the receptions in such a way as to emphasize a special attitude towards themselves. In confirmation of this, the authors provide excerpts from preserved sources. In addition, the article draws attention to the fact that many elements of the protocol depended on the status of foreign representatives. In the Ottoman Empire, hierarchy played a significant role. The envoy could not be treated with the same dishware as the ambassador, and the ambassador, in turn, could not be treated with the same dishware as the Grand Vizier. The conclusion drawn in this article is that some elements of the diplomatic ceremonial could change depending on the representatives of which state came to the audience in the Ottoman Empire. Russian ambassadors and envoys were treated more hospitably than representatives of other states because of the Russian Empire's victories in the two Russo-Turkish wars. At receptions with Russian diplomats, there were changes in the protocol by decree of the Ottoman Sultan, in order to demonstrate respect not only for Russian officials, but also for the state as a whole.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN BORDER IN THE UPPER OB-IRTYSH AREA IN APPRAISALS OF SCIENTISTS AND TRAVELERS OF THE XVIII CENTURY

2017 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
D. S. Bobrov
Keyword(s):  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article represents the experience of distinguishing and reconstruction of the views of scientists and travelers of the XVIII century on the formation of the Russian border in the Upper Ob-Irtysh area. The emergence of the historical and geographical images is considered as a direct consequence of the lack of delimited and demarcated border between the Russian Empire and the Dzungar Khanate, and then the Qing Empire. The source basis of the publication is composed by writings of significant for the history of region scientific figures: G. F. Miller, G. V. Gennin, I. P. Falk, P. S. Pallas. The study was methodologically grounded by the "close up" method. Research statements are analyzed in detail in the context of the scientists’ targets, attracted sources and circumstances of the implementation of the expeditions. The author identifies the ideologies with predominance of archetypal ideas, pays special attention to P. S. Pallas’s concept of "natural border" and his observations on the mode of functioning of the state borders, finally coming to the conclusion about fragmentariness, eclecticism and multivariatness of historical and geographical images of the Russian border.

scholarly journals Sources for Studying Administration Policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh Steppe in the 18th Century and in the First Half of the 19th Century from the Archives of Russia and Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
pp. 892-901
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Vasilyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Central State ◽  
Regional Administration ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reviews major groups of sources on the administration policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century. Acts of law and legislative drafts make up the first group. Materials of the Asian and the Siberian Committees, supreme bodies directly involved in imperial policy-making in the Kazakh steppe, form the second group. Official correspondence (dispatches, official reports, statements, official notes, directions, and letters) of the major regional and central authorities that concern the carrying out the state policy in the southeast periphery are included in the third group. Studying laws, bills, and supporting materials allows not just to highlight changes in governmental views over time, but also to understand basic principles underlying state policies. Legislation concerning the Kazakh steppe was deposited in the archives of the State Council, the Governing Senate, the Committee of Ministers, the Asian Committee, the Siberian Committee, the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Some pertinent materials can be found in papers of the Siberian Prikaz and, in some measure, of the Ambassadorial Prikaz: they contain documents on the establishment of diplomatic and trade relations with the Kazakhs. Fonds of the governing bodies of the Russian Empire store unpublished legislation and documents on the legislative process (drafts, materials for their discussion, etc.), correspondence of high-ranking officials with regional administration and traditional Kazakh elite. Some legal documents of imperial lawmaking are deposited in archival fonds of central governing bodies – the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Ministry of War. A sizeable portion of materials on discussions of legislative drafts is stored in regional archives, in fonds of local (regional) administrative agencies (boards, offices of military governors and governor generals) and in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF PENITENTIARY HYGIENE AND SANITATION IN RUSSIA (END XVIII-EARLY XX CENTURY)

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 789-792
Author(s):  
R. U. Khabriev ◽  
Boris A. Spasennikov ◽  
L. F. Pertli ◽  
S. A. Kopytkin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Good Level ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article considers the historical aspect of sanitary development in the domestic penitentiary system. In 1788, the Regulations on Prisons were adopted, in which the sanitary requirements of the penitentiary systems of European states were used. Since 1819, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire organized sanitary affair. This provided the conditions for the development of penitentiary sanitation. The legal basis for sanitation for prisoners was established in 1831. In 1850 in prison died 1598 criminals of a 980,000 who were in prison (0.16%). This is evidence of a good level of sanitation in Russia at this time. In 1879, the Chief Prison Directorate of the Russian Empire appointed an inspector for the sanitary unit. He developed sanitary measures and coordinated their implementation. The role of professor A.P. Dobroslavina is shown in the development of penitentiary hygiene and sanitation. The primary link of the domestic penitentiary system was the administration of prisons. According to the law of June 15, 1887, doctors and paramedics were assigned to them. They organized and conducted sanitary measures. Treatment of sick prisoners and sanitation was carried out at the expense of the state. It was revealed that more attention was paid to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Normative sanitary acts in the penitentiary system must have mandatory for the administration of places of detention. For the purposes of sanitary and epidemiological well-being, it is not possible to subordinate medical workers to the prison director. This was provided for by the General Prison Regulations of 1915. But, unfortunately, has not been implemented so far. The authors believe that the time has come to implement this norm in practice.

scholarly journals The governmental policy on forest beekeeping in the Russian Empire in the 18th—19th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
M. V. Loskutova ◽  
A. A. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Private Property ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The 19Th Century

Based on published and archival sources, the paper considers the transformations in Russian legislation and administrative policies on forest beekeeping (harvesting honey from owned or tended nests in forests) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It demonstrates how in the course of the eighteenth century, the ownership of bee nests started violating the concept of absolute private property over forests, which was increasingly incompatible with the rights of other individuals to exploit natural resources on the same territory. From the early decades of the 19th century, borders were gradually demarcated between forested areas belonging to the state and private owners, and between the state forests and those designated for the use of state peasants. This process made possible to exercise the concept of absolute private property over forests in practice. These changes in legislation and the forest cadastre were closely linked to the making of ‘forestry science’ that developed in the late 18th century under the influence of a growing demand for timber needed for the navies and merchant fleets of all European states. The precepts of ‘forestry science’ were dictated by its objective to maximise profits by focusing on the production of commercially valuable sorts of timber. By the early 19th century, this logic prompted the forest administration of the Russian empire to start contemplating measures that would obstruct any alternative forms of forest exploitation, such as harvesting honey from tended trees. The paper considers in details the tightening of administrative regulations in this area, as imposed by the Ministry of State Domains that reached its peak in the Great Reforms era, and analyses the mechanisms that translated these general causes at work into specific policies.

scholarly journals Problems of organization of the Russian police in the 18 century in the context of political and legal ideas of the Enlightenment

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Дмитрий Орлов ◽  
Dmitriy Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Police Organization ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Concepts ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the problem of police organization and definition of its functions in the Russian empire of the XVIII century, as well as the impact of political and legal concepts existing in Europe in the XVII—XVIII centuries, the place and role of police and police activities in the state, on police reforms carried out by monarchs in Russia.

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