Conservation of Archaeological Collections

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Morris
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
The Past ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Archaeological Materials

The conservation of archaeological materials should be considered part of any archaeological recovery analysis or storage operation. In the past two decades, conservation has begun to emerge as a profession. With this advent should come an increased awareness on the part of archaeologists that specialized techniques and practices used by conservators can prolong the life and usefulness of irreplaceable data base collections. With a few notable exceptions, professional conservation for collections has been ignored in the past. The result of neglect has been lost or badly damaged artifacts. This situation can and should be rectified.

scholarly journals Use, Purpose, and Function—Letting the Artifacts Speak

Heritage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-605
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Loughmiller-Cardinal ◽  
J. Scott Cardinal
Keyword(s):  
Functional Categories ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
And Function

Archaeologists have likely collected, as a conservative estimate, billions of artifacts over the course of the history of fieldwork. We have classified chronologies and typologies of these, based on various formal and physical characteristics or ethno-historically known analogues, to give structure to our interpretations of the people that used them. The simple truth, nonetheless, is that we do not actually know how they were used or their intended purpose. We only make inferences—i.e., educated guesses based on the available evidence as we understand it—regarding their functions in the past and the historical behaviors they reflect. Since those inferences are so fundamental to the interpretations of archaeological materials, and the archaeological project as a whole, the way we understand materiality can significantly bias the stories we construct of the past. Recent work demonstrated seemingly contradictory evidence between attributed purpose or function versus confirmed use, however, which suggested that a basic premise of those inferences did not empirically hold to be true. In each case, the apparent contradiction was resolved by reassessing what use, purpose, and function truly mean and whether certain long-established functional categories of artifacts were in fact classifying by function. The resulting triangulation, presented here, narrows the scope on such implicit biases by addressing both empirical and conceptual aspects of artifacts. In anchoring each aspect of evaluation to an empirical body of data, we back ourselves away from our assumptions and interpretations so as to let the artifacts speak for themselves.

scholarly journals Archaeometry’s Role in Cultural Heritage Sustainability and Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Liritzis ◽  
Elena Korka
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Cultural Legacies

The interdisciplinary field of archaeometry covers a wide range of subject categories and disciplines in relation to science and humanities. It is a well-established academic field of study and accredited part of higher education. Since its inception, the nomenclature designation of archaeometry signifies the appropriate methodology applied to archaeological materials and questions emerging from this field, regarding monuments, artifacts, and the reconstruction and management of landscape bearing cultural assets. The measurements of tangible culture denote significant information, such as chronology, authenticity, technology, characterization, provenance, discovering buried antiquities, ancient-day life activities, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions and modelling; furthermore, proxy data collected from environmental dynamic non-liner perturbations, which link local ecosystems with dwellings, are gathered by academia to study the past. The traditional rooting signifies the cultural legacies of people, which define the human desire and the confidence of memory and future trends. Beyond the mere study of the past, archaeometry’s role increasingly proves affinity to prosperity, if properly managed. The major archaeometrical contributions in cultural heritage and archaeology in general are reviewed herein, and we present the policies that could develop archaeometrical data into a sustainable stage of local, regional, and national economic development. Τhe United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) conventions for the documentation and protection of cultural heritage via new technologies and archaeometry are reviewed and connected to development strategies and sustainable development goals.

Twenty-five years of information extraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 677-692
Author(s):  
Ralph Grishman
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Information Extraction ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Structured Data ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
The Past ◽  
Unstructured Text ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government

AbstractInformation extraction is the process of converting unstructured text into a structured data base containing selected information from the text. It is an essential step in making the information content of the text usable for further processing. In this paper, we describe how information extraction has changed over the past 25 years, moving from hand-coded rules to neural networks, with a few stops on the way. We connect these changes to research advances in NLP and to the evaluations organized by the US Government.

Paleoeskimo Occupations of Central and High Arctic Canada

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McGhee
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Central Core ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Arctic Canada ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Distribution Of Components ◽  
Cultural Discontinuities

Most of our knowledge regarding the Paleoeskimos of Arctic Canada is derived from the “core area” of Paleoeskimo occupation, a rough circle of some 1,000 km diameter including the coasts of Fury and Hecla Strait, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait. This is the area in which Dorset culture was first recognized, the source of most of our larger collections, and the area where continuity of development throughout the Paleoeskimo sequence has been demonstrated (Meldgaard 1962; Taylor 1968a; Maxwell 1973). The number and size of archaeological collections from this area suggest that it supported a larger Paleoeskimo population than did other regions of Arctic Canada, while the temporal distribution of components and continuities of style suggests that the region was occupied continuously throughout the Paleoeskimo period.In the fringe areas surrounding this central core, continuous occupation has not yet been demonstrated through any major segment of the Paleoeskimo sequence. Work in these fringe areas has rapidly progressed during the past decade, and it now seems certain that most of the temporal gaps and cultural discontinuities are not the result of poor archaeological sampling but reflect a situation of sporadic occupation occurring at different times in different regions. One of the striking features of the Paleoeskimo population was its propensity for expanding and retracting its geographical range, and this is the phenomenon which this paper will attempt to document. The primary aim of the paper is to sort out who lived where and when; a secondary aim is to suggest how they may have got there and what happened to them.

Impact of adjuvant therapies on treatment outcomes for patients with resected gallbladder cancer and changes in treatment patterns in the United States over the past decade: An analysis from the National Cancer Data Base.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 391-391
Author(s):  
Timur Mitin ◽  
C. Kristian Enestvedt ◽  
Ahmedin Jemal ◽  
Helmneh M. Sineshaw
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Gallbladder Cancer ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Adjuvant Treatment ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Cancer Data Base ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
The Past

391 Background: There are no randomized data to guide clinicians treating patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC). Several retrospective studies reported the survival benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and chemoradiation (CRT). The aims of this study were to examine whether these publications have impacted the utilization of adjuvant therapies and whether their survival benefits were evident in contemporary cohort of patients. Methods: Using the National Cancer Data Base, we identified 5,029 patients diagnosed with T1-3N0-1 GBC and treated with surgical resection from 2005 to 2013. We described trends in receipt of adjuvant treatments for three time periods (2005-2007, 2008-2010, 2011-2013) and calculated 3-year overall survival (OS) probabilities for 2,989 patients treated in 2005-2010. Results: The percentage of patients who received no adjuvant treatment was unchanged from 2005 to 2013. Adjuvant RT decreased from 4.3% to 1.7% (p < 0.01), adjuvant chemotherapy increased from 8% to 14% (p < 0.01), and adjuvant CRT remained stable at 16% (p = 0.98). Even for locally advanced disease (T3N0 and T1-3N1) or in the setting of positive resection margins, over 50% of patients in US did not receive adjuvant treatments. Adjuvant treatments were associated with improved 3-year overall survival in patients with resected GBC, as listed in Table. Adjuvant CRT was associated with improved survival in all stages, except T1N0, and in patients with negative and positive margins. Conclusions: Over the past decade there was no increase in the utilization of adjuvant therapies in the US for patients with resected GBC. Adjuvant therapy is associated with significantly improved 3-yr OS. In the absence of randomized data, this analysis should form the basis for clinical recommendations and national guidelines should be amended to support adjuvant treatment.[Table: see text]

Symptom Expression in Natural and Experimental Rhinovirus Colds

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir S. Rao ◽  
J. Owen Hendley ◽  
Frederick G. Hayden ◽  
Jack M. Gwaltney
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Symptom Frequency

For the past 3 decades, rhinovirus grown in cell culture and used to induce experimental infections has been assumed to produce illness comparable to natural rhinovirus illness. However, no studies have been conducted to compare the characteristics of these two illnesses. We have used two data bases, one from natural colds of proven rhinovirus etiology and one for experimental rhinovirus colds, to compare symptom occurrence. The natural cold data set contained prospectively collected data for the frequency of occurrence of symptoms for 139 insurance employees with natural rhinovirus colds. The experimental colds data base was obtained from 10 separate volunteer studies involving a total of 125 subjects who had a rhinovirus inoculation into the nose. Daily symptom frequency for the natural and experimental illnesses found that the symptoms of nasal obstruction and malaise occurred significantly more often on illness days 1–5 during experimental colds. Also, significant differences were found for days 1–4 for feverishness/fever, days 1–3 for nasal discharge, days 1–2 for sneezing, days 3–5 for sore throat, and day 1 for cough. Some of the latter symptoms occurred more frequently with experimental and some with natural infection. In general, the illnesses associated with the two types of infection were more similar than they were different.

scholarly journals The BASE-Project – an open-source catalogue for earthquakes in Bavaria, Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1395-1401
Author(s):  
F. Barnikel ◽  
E. Geiss
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Second Step ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past

Abstract. The BASE-project collects all earthquakes which have been recorded in historical documents in Bavaria up to the installation of the first major seismograph in 1905. 27 crucial publications of the past two centuries have already been assessed and the reports, 1112 in total, have been filed in a data base. Included are not only all events which have been recorded for Bavaria itself, but also events which have been felt and recorded in Bavaria, but may have taken place in neighbouring countries. The data base will be published on the internet. In a second step public users of the data are encouraged to take part in the improvement and completion of the data base. This especially aims at local historians, librarians etc. who can contribute to the data base by adding information and data from local archives or documents, which would otherwise be virtually inaccessible for the public.

Hyperactive Children: A Ten-Year Study

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
James S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Emotional Problem ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hyperactive Children ◽  
School Records

My experiences in practice during the past ten years lead me to believe that "hyperactivity" is primarily an emotional problem. Currently, however, the diagnosis is often made-and drugs administered-on the basis of fragmentary information about the child's behavior and with little attempt to explore the child's inner state or the family relationships. These statements are based on observations made while following up 290 children whose diagnosis was hyperactivity. I was the family pediatrician in these cases and, as such, was eventually admitted to the interior of the families. Additionally, I gathered school records for the children and medical records for most of the adult family members. This broad data base, combined with my long personal relationship with the families, is the basis for the conclusions I present here. I submit that the data base is both more intensive and extensive than that which an academic institution or clinic can usually achieve; that is why a relatively apparent aspect of hyperactivity has been, until now, neglected. THE SAMPLE The period covered is from July 1965 through June 1975. My practice at that time was in Hayward, a suburb of the east San Francisco Bay. Omitting consultations, I followed up 1,016 families with 2,427 children for a mean of 61 months (SD, 29 months). I have matched my practice demographically to both the U.S. census and several regional surveys and have found the practice to be within 5% on occupational, marital, racial, and economic criteria. The diagnosis of hyperactivity for the 290 patients whose cases I will discuss had been made by either school personnel, parents, another physician, or, in some cases, all three.

SMALL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE BIYSK REGIONAL MUSEUM

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 386-390
Author(s):  
Kungurov A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local History ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Village ◽  
Archaeological Objects

The article presents materials from the funds of the Biysk Local History Museum, characterizing small collections of the past decades transferred by the finders to the museum and discovered during the survey of various territories of Altai by B.H. Kadikov - a researcher, and then the director of the museum. These collections contain a small number of finds, so did not attract the attention of researchers. However, the published materials are quite revealing, have a precisely defined location of detection and allow it to be found even after a long period of time. The work describes the finds of M.D. Kopytov near the village of Vyatkino in the Ust-Pristan district of the Altai region, the sites located on the right bank of Bia in the Turochak district of the Altai Republic and at the mouth of the Chemal River in the Chemal region of the republic. The published sites are located in different regions of the Altai region in different physical and geographical conditions. This fact allows to significantly expand the possibilities of finding new archaeological objects in steppe, mountain and taiga areas. In addition, the accounting of these sites, known for a very long time, in the planned construction can facilitate the work of researchers. Keywords: Altai Mountain, archaeology, M.D. Kopytov, B.H. Kadikov, Biysky Local History Museum, stone tools, stone arrowhead, ceramics

Precision, Purpose and Priorities in Wetland Archaeology

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Coles
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Suitable Condition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Wetland Archaeology

Wetlands preserve evidence which no other landscape in western Europe can provide. The variety of wetlands is great and conditions for the survival of evidence and for archaeological work are equally varied. The quantity and quality of organic, and inorganic, evidence from wetland sites is now well documented by work in Denmark, Switzerland and Italy in particular, but most European countries have such special sites, where the abundance of evidence can enormously augment our knowledge of the past. The purpose of wetland archaeology must be to expand our very restricted data base into new areas of research, both cultural and environmental. A scheme for the development of priorities for wetland sites and areas may help to direct resources, but the threats to wetlands by current agricultural and other policies are particularly severe, and only concerted efforts will retain these areas in suitable condition for future preservation or examination.

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