scholarly journals Distribution constants and group increments of organic substances in the extraction systems of water saline–hexane

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-165
Author(s):  
O. N. Mikhniuk ◽  
S. M. Leschev ◽  
P. A. Kasyanchik
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Group I ◽  
Dipotassium Phosphate ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
Low Charge ◽  
Charged Ions

In the extraction systems of hexane–aqueous solutions of potassium carbonate, ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride, the distribution of a number of organic compounds (benzyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, phenol, aniline, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, n-butylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, benzylamine) was studied. It was shown that sodium chloride, the most frequently used as a salting out agent, is noticeably inferior in salting ability to potassium carbonate, dipotassium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, since it contains singly charged ions with a relatively low charge density. Using the method of group increments on the example of aliphatic alcohols, the salting out ability of a number of mineral salts with singly charged ions was evaluated. By the value of this ability, the salts studied are arranged in the following order: NaNO2 > NaCl > KCl ~ NaBr > NaClO4 > KJ > NH4NO3 > NH4SCN. At the same time, the salting out effect of the last four salts from the above series is small. Based on the usage of the group increment method, the nature of the salting out effect is additionally confirmed, which consists, first of all, in strengthening the structure of the saline solution and increasing the increment of the methylene group (ICH2) with increasing the salt concentration.

scholarly journals A Laboratory Astrophysics Problem: The Lifetime of Very Long-Lived Levels in Low-Charge Ions

Atoms ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmar Träbert
Keyword(s):  
Electric Dipole ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Laboratory Astrophysics ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Transition Rates ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Forbidden Transitions ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
Low Charge ◽  
Charged Ions

Emission lines of singly charged ions populate many astrophysical spectra. However, the interpretation of the line intensities (usually line ratios) often depends on the transition rates of the decays of very long-lived low-lying levels. For example, the line ratio of two electric-dipole forbidden transitions in the 3s 2 3p 3 ground configuration of singly ionized sulfur (ion S + , spectrum S II) has been interpreted in terms of a density diagnostic for planetary nebulae, i.e., for densities in the order of 10 4 cm − 3 . The predicted lifetimes of the 2 D 3 / 2 , 5 / 2 o levels are in the order of one hour. Modeling indicates that a 10% uncertainty of the lifetime determination in this case corresponds to a 50% uncertainty of the density diagnostic. The available theoretical lifetime predictions scatter by much more than 10%. Considerations about an experimental approach are presented with the goal of instigating a measurement of the actual level lifetimes.

Extraction and Determination of RDX and HMX in Water

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eny M. Vieira ◽  
Francis I. Onuska
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Salting Out

Abstract The analysis of energetic materials such as RDX and HMX in water at trace levels was accomplished by using micro-extraction by miscible solvents, such as acetonitrile, 2-propanol and acetone, and salting out the organic phase. This paper compares the results obtained with solid-phase extraction (SPE) to those obtained by demixing techniques for spiked Milli-Q water and an unfiltered lake water. A review of the data indicates that demixing with acetonitrile-sodium chloride and 2-propanol ammonium sulfate gives better extraction recoveries than solid-phase extraction. Salting-out extractions are performed in less time and with less solvent than by SPE techniques.

Effect of yeast extract addition to a mineral salts medium containing hydrolyzed plant xylan on fungal pullulan production

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Kennedy II ◽  
Thomas P. West
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Cell Biomass ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Prairie Cordgrass

Abstract The ability of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 42023 to produce pullulan from yeast extract-supplemented xylan hydrolysates of the prairie grass prairie cordgrass was examined relative to polysaccharide and cell biomass production, yield, and pullulan content of the polysaccharide. A pullulan concentration of 11.2 g L−1 and yield of 0.79 g g−1 was produced by ATCC 42023 when grown for 168 h at 30°C on the phosphate-buffered hydrolysate supplemented with yeast extract. The highest biomass level being 8.8 g L−1 was produced by ATCC 42023 after 168 h on a yeast extract-supplemented, hydrolysate-containing complete medium lacking sodium chloride. The highest pullulan content of the polysaccharide produced by ATCC 42023 after 168 h on the hydrolysate medium supplemented with yeast extract and ammonium sulfate was 70%. The findings indicate that a polysaccharide with a high pullulan content can be produced at a relatively high yield by the fungus grown on a yeast extract-supplemented xylan hydrolysate, suggesting that pullulan could be produced using a biomass-based process.

scholarly journals Impact of the particle mixing state on the hygroscopicity of internally mixed sodium chloride-ammonium sulfate single droplets: A theoretical and experimental study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeny A. Tobon ◽  
Danielle El Hajj ◽  
Samantha Seng ◽  
Ferdaous Bengrad ◽  
Myriam Moreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Particle Mixing ◽  
Secondary Aerosols ◽  
Single Droplets

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the main constituent of sea-salt aerosols. During atmospheric transport, sea-salt aerosols can interact with gases and other particles including secondary aerosols containing ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). This...

scholarly journals A novel tandem differential mobility analyzer with organic vapor treatment of aerosol particles

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Joutsensaari ◽  
P. Vaattovaara ◽  
M. Vesterinen ◽  
K. Hämeri ◽  
A. Laaksonen
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Differential Mobility Analyzer ◽  
Differential Mobility ◽  
Organic Vapor

Abstract. A novel method to characterize the organic composition of aerosol particles has been developed. The method is based on organic vapor interaction with aerosol particles and it has been named an Organic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (OTDMA). The OTDMA method has been tested for inorganic (sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate) and organic (citric acid and adipic acid) particles. Growth curves of the particles have been measured in ethanol vapor and as a comparison in water vapor as a function of saturation ratio. Measurements in water vapor show that sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate as well as citric acid particles grow at water saturation ratios (S) of 0.8 and above, whereas adipic acid particles do not grow at S <  0.96. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, a deliquescence point is observed at S = 0.75 and S = 0.79, respectively. Citric acid particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios already at low saturation ratios and no clear deliquescence point is found. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, no growth can be seen in ethanol vapor at saturation ratios below 0.93. In contrast, for adipic acid particles, the deliquescence takes place at around S = 0.95 in the ethanol vapor. The recrystallization of adipic acid takes place at S < 0.4. Citric acid particles grow in ethanol vapor similarly as in water vapor; the particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios and no stepwise deliquescence is observed. The results show that the working principles of the OTDMA are operational for single-component aerosols. Furthermore, the results indicate that the OTDMA method may prove useful in determining whether aerosol particles contain organic substances, especially if the OTDMA is operated in parallel with a hygroscopicity TDMA, as the growth of many substances is different in ethanol and water vapors.

Electron Capture, Ionization and Fragmentation in Collisions of Singly Charged Ions with C60

2004 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Moretto-Capelle ◽  
A. Rentenier ◽  
D. Bordenave-Montesquieu ◽  
A. Bordenave-Montesquieu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Capture ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
Charged Ions

Oxide, Hydroxide, and Doubly Charged Analyte Species in Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry

1986 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Vaughan ◽  
G. Horlick
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Doubly Charged Ions ◽  
Oxide Hydroxide ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
Doubly Charged ◽  
Oxide Ions ◽  
Charged Ions

In inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry analyte, M may be distributed among several species forms including doubly charged ions (M2+), singly charged ions (M+), mono-oxide ions (MO+), and hydroxide ions (MOH+). Detailed data are presented for Ba to illustrate the dependence of the ion count of these species and their ratios (M2+/M+, MO+/M+, and MOH+/M+) on nebulizer flow rate, plasma power, and sampling depth. Although these data are representative of most elements, many form oxides to a much greater degree than Ba; data are presented for Ti, W, and Ce to illustrate this fact. These various analyte species are important in that serious interelement interferences can occur because of spectral overlap. An extensive pair of tables indicating potential spectral interferences caused by element oxide, hydroxide, and doubly charged ions is presented.

scholarly journals Liquid–liquid phase separation in particles containing organics mixed with ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium nitrate or sodium chloride

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 11723-11734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. You ◽  
L. Renbaum-Wolff ◽  
A. K. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

Abstract. As the relative humidity varies from high to low values in the atmosphere, particles containing organic species and inorganic salts may undergo liquid–liquid phase separation. The majority of the laboratory work on this subject has used ammonium sulfate as the inorganic salt. In the following we studied liquid–liquid phase separation in particles containing organics mixed with the following salts: ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride. In each experiment one organic was mixed with one inorganic salt and the liquid–liquid phase separation relative humidity (SRH) was determined. Since we studied 23 different organics mixed with four different salts, a total of 92 different particle types were investigated. Out of the 92 types, 49 underwent liquid–liquid phase separation. For all the inorganic salts, liquid–liquid phase separation was never observed when the oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio (O : C) &amp;geq; 0.8 and was always observed for O : C < 0.5. For 0.5 &amp;leq; O : C < 0.8, the results depended on the salt type. Out of the 23 organic species investigated, the SRH of 20 organics followed the trend: (NH4)2SO4 &amp;geq; NH4HSO4 &amp;geq; NaCl &amp;geq; NH4NO3. This trend is consistent with previous salting out studies and the Hofmeister series. Based on the range of O : C values found in the atmosphere and the current results, liquid–liquid phase separation is likely a frequent occurrence in both marine and non-marine environments.

scholarly journals Ultrafast Temporal Evolution of Interatomic Coulombic Decay in NeKr Dimers

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Trinter ◽  
Tsveta Miteva ◽  
Miriam Weller ◽  
Alexander Hartung ◽  
Martin Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Synchrotron Light ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
Charged Ions

We investigate interatomic Coulombic decay in NeKr dimers after neon inner-valence photoionization [Ne+(2s-1)] using a synchrotron light source. We measure with energy resolution the two singly charged ions of the...

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