scholarly journals Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3936
Author(s):  
Efstathios Adamopoulos ◽  
Fulvio Rinaudo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Multispectral Imaging ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Range Sensing ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Close Range

Built cultural heritage is under constant threat due to environmental pressures, anthropogenic damages, and interventions. Understanding the preservation state of monuments and historical structures, and the factors that alter their architectural and structural characteristics through time, is crucial for ensuring their protection. Therefore, inspection and monitoring techniques are essential for heritage preservation, as they enable knowledge about the altering factors that put built cultural heritage at risk, by recording their immediate effects on monuments and historic structures. Nondestructive evaluations with close-range sensing techniques play a crucial role in monitoring. However, data recorded by different sensors are frequently processed separately, which hinders integrated use, visualization, and interpretation. This article’s aim is twofold: i) to present an overview of close-range sensing techniques frequently applied to evaluate built heritage conditions, and ii) to review the progress made regarding the fusion of multi-sensor data recorded by them. Particular emphasis is given to the integration of data from metric surveying and from recording techniques that are traditionally non-metric. The article attempts to shed light on the problems of the individual and integrated use of image-based modeling, laser scanning, thermography, multispectral imaging, ground penetrating radar, and ultrasonic testing, giving heritage practitioners a point of reference for the successful implementation of multidisciplinary approaches for built cultural heritage scientific investigations.

scholarly journals TRAINING IN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CLOSE-RANGE SENSING IN ALPINE TERRAIN

2018 ◽  
Vol IV-2 ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rutzinger ◽  
M. Bremer ◽  
B. Höfle ◽  
M. Hämmerle ◽  
R. Lindenbergh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Summer School ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Project Planning ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Range Sensing ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Summer Schools

The 2nd international summer school “Close-range sensing techniques in Alpine terrain” was held in July 2017 in Obergurgl, Austria. Participants were trained in selected close-range sensing methods, such as photogrammetry, laser scanning and thermography. The program included keynotes, lectures and hands-on assignments combining field project planning, data acquisition, processing, quality assessment and interpretation. Close-range sensing was applied for different research questions of environmental monitoring in high mountain environments, such as geomorphologic process quantification, natural hazard management and vegetation mapping. The participants completed an online questionnaire evaluating the summer school, its content and organisation, which helps to improve future summer schools.

scholarly journals Monitoring Forests in Space and Time Using Close-Range Sensing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Vastaranta ◽  
Ninni Saarinen ◽  
Tuomas Yrttimaa ◽  
Ville Kankare ◽  
Samuli Junttila
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Range Sensing ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Close Range

In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art in the utilization of close-range sensing in forest monitoring. We include technologies, such as terrestrial and mobile laser scanning as well as unmanned aerial vehicles, which are mainly used for collecting detailed information from single trees, forest patches or small forested landscapes. Based on the current published scientific literature, the capacity to characterize changes in forest ecosystems using close-range sensing has clearly been recognized. Forest growth has been the most investigated cause for changes and terrestrial laser scanner the most applied sensor for capturing forest structural changes. Unmanned aerial vehicles, on the other hand, have been used to acquire aerial imagery for detecting tree height growth and monitoring forest health. Mobile laser scanning has not yet been used in forest change monitoring except for a few early investigations. Considering the length of the forest growth process, investigated time spans have been rather short, less than 10 years. In addition, data from only two time points have been used in many of the studies, which has further been limiting the capability of understanding dynamics related to forest growth. In general, method development and quantification of changes have been the main interests so far regardless of the driver of change. This shows that the close-range remote sensing community has just started to explore the time dimension and its possibilities for forest characterization.

scholarly journals 3D COMPARISON TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF A BUILDING IN CULTURAL HERITAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-2 ◽  
pp. 1061-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Selvaggi ◽  
M. Dellapasqua ◽  
F. Franci ◽  
A. Spangher ◽  
D. Visintini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Deformation Analysis ◽  
Point Cloud Data ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Site Restoration ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques

Terrestrial remote sensing techniques, including both Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP), have been recently used in multiple applications and projects with particular reference to the documentation/inspection of a wide variety of Cultural Heritage structures.<br> The high density of TLS point cloud data allows to perform structure survey in an unprecedented level of detail, providing a direct solution for the digital three-dimensional modelling, the site restoration and the analysis of the structural conditions. Textural information provided by CRP can be used for the photorealistic representation of the surveyed structure. With respect to many studies, the combination of TLS and CRP techniques produces the best results for Cultural Heritage documentation purposes. Moreover, TLS and CRP point cloud data have been proved to be useful in the field of deformation analysis and structural health monitoring. They can be the input data for the Finite Element Method (FEM), providing some prior knowledge concerning the material and the boundary conditions such as constraints and loading.<br> The paper investigates the capabilities and advantages of TLS and CRP data integration for the three-dimensional modelling compared to a simplified geometric reconstruction. This work presents some results concerning the Baptistery of Aquileia in Italy, characterized by an octagonal plan and walls composed by masonry stones with good texture.

scholarly journals THE COMBINATION OF THE IMAGE AND RANGE-BASED 3D ACQUISITION IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH IN THE ROYAL CASTLE IN WARSAW

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
A. Bocheńska ◽  
J. Markiewicz ◽  
S. Łapiński
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Close Range ◽  
3D Acquisition ◽  
Architectural Research

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The paper presents archaeological and architectural research in the Royal Castle in Warsaw where a combination of image- and range-based 3D acquisition was applied. The area examined included excavations situated inside the Tower and near its outer western wall. The work was carried out at various periods and in different weather conditions. As part of the measurements, laser scanning was performed (with a Z+F 5006h scanner) and a series of close-range images were taken. It was important to integrate the data acquired to create a comprehensive documentation of archaeological excavations. When data was acquired from TLS together with photogrammetric data (in different measurement periods), the points' displacements were controlled and analysed. The process of orienting and processing the terrestrial images included photographs taken during the inventory of the tower (Canon 5D Mark II) and photographs provided by the Castle's employees (Canon PowerShot G5 X). Agisoft PhotoScan software was used to orient and process the terrestrial images, and LupoScan for the TLS data. In order to integrate the TLS data and the clouds of points from the photographs from the various stages, they were processed into a raster form; our own software (based on the OpenCV library and the Structure-from-Motion method) and LupoScan software were used to interconnect the multi-temporal and multi-sensor data sets. As a result of processing photographs and TLS data, point clouds in an external reference system were obtained. This data was then used to study the thickness of the walls of the Justice Court Tower, to analyse the course of the retaining wall, and to generate the orthoimages necessary for chronological analysis.</p>

scholarly journals Accuracy assessment of terrestrial laser scanning and digital close range potogrammetry for 3D cultural heritage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Taha Ahmed Albourae
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
First Case ◽  
Culture Heritage ◽  
Close Range

There are various surveying techniques used in the field of cultural heritage documentation. Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) techniques have been widely used in 3D modeling applications. Various research studies integrate these techniques to enhance the quality of the data acquired. The main objective of this research is to assess the accuracy of TLS and CRP. The two methods are applied to two culture heritage case studies, which are located in the historic district in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data obtained from both techniques is compared with data captured using traditional surveying techniques as reference data. The results show that TLS tends to be more accurate than CRP. In the first case study (Bab Makkah), CRP and TLS produced 0.044 m and 0.008 m overall RMS error, respectively; while CRP produced 0.025 m and TLS produced 0.021 m in the second case study (Bab Sharif).

Use of Laser Scanner for Digital Surveying of the Sarnicli Inn and the Byzantine Cistern Underneath

2017 ◽  
pp. 227-254
Author(s):  
Gülhan Benli ◽  
Eylem Görmüş Ekizce
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Photogrammetric Measurement

Measurement methods including traditional measurement methods, topographic and photogrammetric measurement methods, measurements via laser scanning devices and aerial photogrammetric measurement methods obtained using model airplane or model helicopters are used in documentation of the cultural heritage and protected areas in our country. Although data obtained by Aerial Lidar technology accepted as advanced technology over the past decade, enables faster data comparing to others as data obtained by terrestrial laser scanners provide millimetre level accuracy close-range scanning methods are preferred in architectural facades scanning during the process of surveying of a single building. Inclusion process of a Byzantine cistern in Istanbul, Turkey, which was undiscovered for centuries, in our cultural heritage as well as surveying stages of the cistern along with the inn structure built over, using 3D scanning technology shall be described within this study.

scholarly journals DIGITAL TOOLS FOR DOCUMENTING AND CONSERVING BAHRAIN’S BUILT HERITAGE FOR POSTERITY

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W5 ◽  
pp. 513-519
Author(s):  
D. Mezzino ◽  
L. Barazzetti ◽  
M. Santana Quintero ◽  
A. El-Habashi
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Recording Techniques

Documenting the physical characteristics of historic structures is the first step for any preventive maintenance, monitoring, conservation, planning and promotion action. Metric documentation supports informative decision-making process for property owners, site managers, public officials, and conservators. This information serves also a broader purpose, over time, it becomes the primary means by which scholars, heritage professionals, and the general public understand a site that radically changed or disappeared. Further, documentation supports monitoring as well as the character-defining elements analysis, relevant to define the values of the building for the local and international community. The awareness of these concepts oriented the digital documentation and training activities, developed between 2016 and 2017, for the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities (BACA) in Bahrain. The developed activities had two main aims: a) support the local staff in using specific recording techniques to efficiently document and consequently preserve built heritage sites with appropriate accuracy and in a relatively short period; b) develop a pilot project in collaboration with BACA to validate the capacity of the team to accurately document and produce measured records for the conservation and management of Bahrain built heritage. The documentation project has been developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts from BACA, Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), Carleton University, Canada and a contracted researcher from the Gicarus Lab, Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI) in Italy. In the training activities, the participants have been exposed to a wide range of recording techniques, illustrating them the selection criteria for the most suitable one, according to requirements, site specifications, categories of values identified for the various built elements, and budget. The pilot project has been tested on three historical structures, both with strong connotations in the Bahrain cultural identity: the <i>Shaikh Isa bin Ali house</i>, <i>Aljazzaf house</i> and the <i>Siyadi Majlis</i>. These two buildings, outstanding examples of Bahrain architecture as well as tangible memory of the country history, have been documented employing several digital techniques, including: aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, rectifying photography, total station and 3D laser scanning.

Use of Laser Scanner for Digital Surveying of the Sarnicli Inn and the Byzantine Cistern Underneath

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-303
Author(s):  
Gülhan Benli ◽  
Eylem Görmüş Ekizce
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Photogrammetric Measurement

Measurement methods including traditional measurement methods, topographic and photogrammetric measurement methods, measurements via laser scanning devices and aerial photogrammetric measurement methods obtained using model airplane or model helicopters are used in documentation of the cultural heritage and protected areas in our country. Although data obtained by Aerial Lidar technology accepted as advanced technology over the past decade, enables faster data comparing to others as data obtained by terrestrial laser scanners provide millimetre level accuracy close-range scanning methods are preferred in architectural facades scanning during the process of surveying of a single building. Inclusion process of a Byzantine cistern in Istanbul, Turkey, which was undiscovered for centuries, in our cultural heritage as well as surveying stages of the cistern along with the inn structure built over, using 3D scanning technology shall be described within this study.

Close-range sensing and object-based analysis of shallow landslides and erosion in grasslands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mayr ◽  
Martin Rutzinger ◽  
Magnus Bremer ◽  
Clemens Geitner
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Shallow Landslides ◽  
Range Sensing ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Close Range

&lt;p&gt;Close-range sensing methods for topographic data acquisition, such as Structure-from-Motion with multi-view stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry and laser scanning from the ground or from unmanned aerial systems (UAS), have strongly improved over the last decade. As they are providing data with sub-decimetre resolution and accuracy, these methods open new possibilities for bridging the gap between local in-situ observations and area-wide space-borne or aerial remote sensing. For assessments of shallow landslides and erosion patches, which are wide-spread phenomena in mountain grasslands, the potential of close-range sensing is two-fold: Firstly, it could provide accurate reference data for assessing the geometric accuracy of a catchment or regional scale eroded area monitoring based on aerial or satellite remote sensing systems. Secondly, selected sites can be monitored at a very detailed local scale to reveal processes of secondary erosion or natural vegetation succession and slope stabilisation. Furthermore, high-resolution 4D data from multi-temporal close-range sensing make it possible to quantify volumes and rates of displacement at erosion features. In this contribution, we propose to exploit this potential of close-range sensing for landslide and erosion studies with object-based approaches for raster and 3D point cloud analyses. Assuming that erosion features can be discriminated from undisturbed grassland and from trees and shrubs, based on their morphometric and spectral signatures, we show how computer vision and machine learning techniques help to detect and label these features automatically as spatial objects in the data. We combine this object detection and labelling with 2.5D differential elevation models and with 3D deformation analysis of point clouds. This strategy addresses one of the key challenges of automatically analysing close-range sensing data in geomorphological studies, i.e. linking geometric information (such as the size and shape of erosion features or the surface change across a time series) with semantic information (e.g. separating vegetation from complex ground structures). In three case studies from recent projects in the Alps, where we acquired data by UAS, terrestrial laser scanning and terrestrial photogrammetry, we demonstrate the use of these new methodological developments. The methods tested can reliably detect changes with minimum magnitudes of centimetre to decimetre level, depending primarily on the specific data acquisition setup. By automatically relating these changes to erosion features of different scales (i.e. both at entire eroded areas and at their components, e.g. collapsing parts of the scarp), such analyses can provide valuable insights regarding process dynamics. In our tests, close-range sensing and automated data analysis workflows helped to understand both the development of new eroded areas as well as their enlargement by secondary erosion processes or episodic landslide reactivation. Based on the experience from these case studies, we also discuss the main challenges and limitations of these methods for erosion monitoring applications.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals INTERACTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: FEEDBACK DRIVEN FRAMEWORK FOR ANNOTATION AND ANALYSIS OF 3D POINT CLOUDS

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W5 ◽  
pp. 343-347
Author(s):  
M. R. Hess ◽  
V. Petrovic ◽  
F. Kuester
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Normal Vector ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
3D Point Clouds

Digital documentation of cultural heritage structures is increasingly more common through the application of different imaging techniques. Many works have focused on the application of laser scanning and photogrammetry techniques for the acquisition of threedimensional (3D) geometry detailing cultural heritage sites and structures. With an abundance of these 3D data assets, there must be a digital environment where these data can be visualized and analyzed. Presented here is a feedback driven visualization framework that seamlessly enables interactive exploration and manipulation of massive point cloud data. The focus of this work is on the classification of different building materials with the goal of building more accurate as-built information models of historical structures. User defined functions have been tested within the interactive point cloud visualization framework to evaluate automated and semi-automated classification of 3D point data. These functions include decisions based on observed color, laser intensity, normal vector or local surface geometry. Multiple case studies are presented here to demonstrate the flexibility and utility of the presented point cloud visualization framework to achieve classification objectives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document