scholarly journals Effects of Origanum vulgare essential oil and its two main components, carvacrol and thymol, on the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9626
Author(s):  
Huiyu Hou ◽  
Xueying Zhang ◽  
Te Zhao ◽  
Lin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Main Components

Background Botrytis cinerea causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against B. cinerea. Methods Essential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against B. cinerea, of which Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of B. cinerea. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo. Results Of all the 17 plant EOs tested, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea cubeba var. formosana and O. vulgare EOs had the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the main chemical components were carvacrol (89.98%), β-caryophyllene (3.34%), thymol (2.39%), α-humulene (1.38%) and 1-methyl-2-propan-2-ylbenzene isopropyl benzene (1.36%). In vitro experiment showed EC50 values of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol were 140.04, 9.09 and 21.32 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea at the concentration of 300 μg/mL while the inhibition rate of OVEO was 80.03%. EC50 of carvacrol and thymol have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the fresh and dry weight of mycelia. The collapse and damage on B. cinerea mycelia treated with 40 μg/mL of carvacrol and thymol was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through extracellular conductivity test and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that carvacrol and thymol led to increase the permeability of target cells, the destruction of mitochondrial membrane and ROS accumulation. In vivo conditions, 1000 μg/mL carvacrol had the best protective and therapeutic effects on tomato gray mold (77.98% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control. Conclusions OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.

Efficacy of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract of Marrubium vulgare on Fungi Responsible for Apples Rot

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293
Author(s):  
Amina Tabet Zatla ◽  
Imane Mami ◽  
Mohammed El Amine Dib ◽  
Mohammed El Amine Sifi
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Marrubium Vulgare ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Background: The microorganisms such as Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea are wellknown pathogens in apples during postharvest. So, to protect apples from these pathogens, chemical control methods were exercised. Introduction: The main objective of this work was to study the chemical composition and the in-vitro and in-vivo antifungal properties of essential oil and hydrosol extract of Marrubium vulgare. Methods: In this work, the air-dried aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare were hydrodistilled in a Clevengertype apparatus. The essential oil and hydrosol extract isolated were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The in-vitro antifungal activity of the both extracts was investigated against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata fungi using radial growth technique. The effect of the essential oil and hydrosol extract on disease development of apple caused by Penicillium expansum in the in-vivo conditions was assessed. Results: The essential oil of Marrubium vulgare was characterized principally by E-β-caryophyllene (23.5%), E-β-farnesene (21%), α-humulene (14.8%), β-bisabolene (11.1%), caryophyllene oxide (6.8%) and phytol (3.1%). While, the methyl-eugenol (65.5%), α-Bisabolol (12.5%), linalool (6.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.2%) were the major compounds of hydrosol extract. The result of in-vitro antifungal activity of hydrosol extract showed an interesting antifungal inhibition against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata with percentage inhibition ranging from 77% to 89% at low concentration of 0.15 mL/L. The essential oil was found to inhibit the growth of Penicillium expansum in a dose-dependent manner, with a percentage inhibition of 100% at 30 mL/L. Furthermore, essential oil and hydrosol extract have demonstrated promising in-vivo antifungal activity to control infection of apples by Penicillium expansum up to 25th day of storage, compared with the control. Conclusion: The preventive and protective effects of essential oil and hydrosol extract could be exploited as an ideal alternative to synthetic fungicides for using the protection of stored apples from fungal phytopathogens.

scholarly journals Potencial de extratos etanólicos de propólis e extratos aquosos de plantas espontâneas no controle de doenças pós-colheita do morango

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Gabriela Silva Moura ◽  
Jonas Marcelo Jaski ◽  
Gilmar Franzener
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Rhizopus Nigricans ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Control Water

<p>A cultura do morangueiro é severamente acometida por várias doenças, dentre elas o mofo cinzento, causado por <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> é considerada a doença mais severa na pós-colheita. Visando reduzir o uso de fungicidas sintéticos, vem sendo realizadas pesquisas propondo a utilização de métodos alternativos de controle de patógenos pós-colheita envolvendo a utilização de extratos vegetais, uso de biofungicidas e óleos essenciais. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de diferentes extratos de própolis e plantas espontâneas no controle de podridão pós-colheita causada pelo fungo <em>B. cinerea</em> em morangos. Para avaliar a atividade antifúngica direta dos extratos etanólico de própolis e extratos aquosos de plantas espontâneas sobre <em>B. cinerea,</em> foi realizado o experimento <em>in vitro</em>, utilizando-se os tratamentos própolis verde 0,5%; própolis verde 2,5%; própolis marrom 0,5%; própolis marrom 2,5%; língua-de-vaca 10%; assa-peixe 10%; rubim 10%; tansagem 10%; testemunha (água). As medições do diâmetro das colônias foram iniciadas 48, 72 e 96 horas após a instalação do experimento. No experimento <em>in vivo </em>os frutos foram imersos nos tratamentos descritos acima. Após cinco dias avaliou-se a incidência e severidade da doença mofo cinzento e das doenças pós-colheita como antracnose e podridão de Rhizopus que apareceram no experimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com quatro e cinco repetições para o ensaio <em>in vitro</em> e <em>in vivo,</em> respectivamente<em>.</em> Os resultados mostram que os extratos etanólicos de própolis verde e marrom a 2,5% apresentaram <em>in vitro</em> e <em>in vivo </em>atividade antifúngica a <em>B. cinerea</em> e <em>Rhizopus nigricans,</em> respectivamente.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Potential of propolis extracts and extracts etanol spontaneous plants aqueous in control of diseases of strawberry post-harvest</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The strawberry crop is severely affected by various diseases, including gray mold, caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> is considered the most severe disease in post-harvest fruit. To reduce the use of synthetic fungicides, has been carried out research proposing the use of alternative methods of control postharvest pathogens involving the use of plant extracts, use of biofungicides, essential oils among others. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of different propolis extracts and wild plants in the control of post-harvest rot caused by the fungus <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> in strawberries. To evaluate the direct antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis and aqueous extracts of wild plants of B. cinerea, the in vitro experiment was performed, using treatments propolis 0.5%; propolis 2.5%; brown propolis 0.5%; brown propolis 2.5%; control (water + alcohol 2%); cow tongue 10%; assa-fish 10%; rubim 10%; tansagem 10%; control (water). Measurements of the diameter of the colonies were started 48, 72 and 96 hours after installation of the experiment. Conducted the in vivo experiment in which the fruits of strawberry plants were immersed in the treatments described above. After five days we evaluated the incidence and severity of gray mold disease and post-harvest diseases such as anthracnose and Rhizopus rot appearing in the experiment. We used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four and five replicates for the in vitro assay and in vivo, respectively. The results show that ethanol extracts of green and brown propolis 2.5% presented in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity to <em>B. cinerea</em> and <em>Rhizopus nigricans</em> respectively.</p>

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil from origanum vulgare against botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
pp. 130506
Author(s):  
Yun Zhao ◽  
Yun-Hai Yang ◽  
Min Ye ◽  
Kai-Bo Wang ◽  
Li-Ming Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Origanum Vulgare

scholarly journals Antifungal activity of nanoemulsions encapsulating oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil: in vitro study and application in Minas Padrão cheese

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina M. Bedoya-Serna ◽  
Gustavo C. Dacanal ◽  
Andrezza M. Fernandes ◽  
Samantha C. Pinho
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Origanum Vulgare

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity and preliminary mechanism of cembratrien-diols against Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 112745
Author(s):  
Qiong Yang ◽  
Jiao Wang ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Shengnan Xie ◽  
Xiaolong Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
In Vivo Antifungal Activity

scholarly journals Management of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato plants by mentha essential oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Kahkashan Perveen ◽  
Najat A. Bokhari
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
Alternaria Leaf Blight

The essential oil obtained by the hydro-distillation of the leaves of Mentha arvensis Linnaeus was evaluated for its antifungal activity against the causal agent of the Alternaria blight of tomatoes, i.e., Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler. The antifungal activity of the mentha essential oil was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical composition of the mentha oil was also identified by GCMS analysis. The in vitro test revealed that the maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth (93.6%) and conidia germination (90.6%) was at the highest concentration (40 µL/mL), furthermore, it was found that the inhibition of the mycelial growth and conidia germination was dose dependent. The in vivo test proved that the application of the mentha essential oil (40 µL/mL) significantly increased the plant height (84.6%), fresh weight (81.5%) and dry weight (80.0%) when compared to the untreated tomato plants. The disease incidence was 3.5 in the untreated plants, while it was 0.93 for the mentha essential oil treated plants and was 0.08 in the carbendazim treated plants. The GC-MS analysis of the mentha essential oil identified 18 compounds in total, among which the percentage of menthol was the highest (69.2%). The mentha essential oil was successful in managing the Alternaria leaf blight in the tomato plants. Therefore, it can be explored further for the development of a natural fungicide.

scholarly journals Actinomycete as biocontrol agents against tomato gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind Lahmyed ◽  
◽  
Rachid Bouharroud ◽  
Redouan Qessaoui ◽  
Abdelhadi Ajerrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Fruits

The present work aims to isolate actinomycete bacteria with antagonistic abilities towards Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, from a soil sample collected from the rhizosphere of a healthy tomato grove. In vitro confrontation led to the isolation of 104 actinomycete isolates; fifteen isolates have shown the most significant mortality rate of the mycelial growth of B. cinerea (>50%). Based on the results of this screening, representative strains were selected to verify their in vivo antagonistic activity on tomato fruits; the reduction of B. cinerea has a percentage ranging from 52.38% to 96.19%. Furthermore, the actinomycete isolates were evaluated for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties and their ability to produce biocontrol-related extracellular enzymes viz., amylase, protease, cellulase, chitinase, esterases, and lecithinase. Indeed, Ac70 showed high β-1,3-glucanase activity and siderophore production (17U/ml and 43% respectively), and the highest chitinase activity (39μmol/ml) was observed for Ac24. These results indicated that these actinomycetes might potentially control gray mold caused by B. cinerea on tomato fruits. Investigations on enhancing the efficacy and survival of the biocontrol agent in planta and finding out the best formulation are recommended for future research.

scholarly journals Prospecting of anti-Candida bioactive in Origanum vulgare L. artisanal essential oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. e220101421758
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Ferreira da Silva Rocha ◽  
João Victor da Costa Santos ◽  
Rodrigo Henrique Moura ◽  
Eliana Campelo Lago ◽  
Francisca Lúcia de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Normal Microbiota ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Candida albicans is a yeast belonging to the normal microbiota of the human body, considered the most pathogenic species of the genus. It is the main microorganism related to candidiasis. Essential oils of Origanum vulgare have phenolic compounds, such as thymol and carvacrol, which have an effective antimycobacterial character at certain concentrations, but little is known about its biological activity in artisanal preparation. Thus, we evaluated the resistance of standard strains of opportunistic yeast C. albicans against in vitro antifungal activity of artisanal extract of O. vulgare. An inoculum of the challenger was subjected to different concentrations of the fungicidal agent in solidified Muller Hinton and broth followed by incubation at 35°C. The oil was prepared in a manner similar to a possible homemade procedure, and was further sterilized to ensure homogeneity of the indicator. The readings were performed in two days every 24 hours so that there were different possible moments of growth. The tests, which occurred in triplicate, showed that, under experimental conditions, the yeast was resistant to the essential oil compounds at all observed concentrations. Morphological variation was observed in both colonies and yeast cells. Based on analyzes, the artisanal essential oil is incorporated as a promising candidate for the development of antimycotics for clinical use, although in vivo tests are required.

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