The Economic and Environmental Impact of Greenhouse Heating Pipe Insulation

This study aimed to determine the effect of optimum pipe insulation thickness on energy savings and air pollution under greenhouse conditions. In this regard, an optimization model based on a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis was carried out using the P1–P2 method. Three fuel types, coal, natural gas, and fuel oil, were tested with nominal pipe sizes ranging from 25 to 65 mm, and hot water was used in the system. Our findings showed that the highest insulation thickness (0.807 m), the greatest energy savings ($62.351/m), and the lowest payback period (0.502 years) were achieved with a 65 mm pipe size for fuel oil. Overall, the insulation minimizes heat loss through the heating pipelines, resulting in economic and environmental benefits. Fuel oil was determined as the best option for savings in this study. Hence, for fuel oil utilization, the emissions of CO2 varied from 2.762 to 3.798 kg/m and SO2 from 0.014 to 0.020 kg/m for pipe thicknesses ranging from 25 and 65 mm, respectively.

Reused Plant Fried Oil: A Case Study with Home-Made Soaps

The study aimed to analyze the possibility of waste frying oil utilization in home-made soap production. Soaps were made from unheated and fried rapeseed, sunflower and palm oils that had total polar material (TPM) values up to 24%. Physicochemical and microbial analyses were performed on produced samples to check their quality. The hardness increased with the degradation level of rapeseed and palm oils, and opposite findings were obtained for sunflower-made soaps. The highest malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were recorded for sunflower oil-made samples, with the maximum of 6.61 µg/g, and the lowest for the palm oil-made samples, with the maximum of 0.94 µg/g. The antimicrobial assessment showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between control soap samples and soaps made of oils with the highest TPM value. Gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: MRSA) were the most sensitive chosen microorganisms, compared to Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. The obtained results did not show exact differences between experimentally produced soap samples from fried or not fried oils; these findings highlight the potential of home-made soap production from this byproduct.

Synthesis of Industrially Useful Phenolic Compounds Esters by Means of Biocatalysts Obtained Along with Waste Fish Oil Utilization

The purpose of the study was to utilize the waste fish oil after fish smoking process in Y. lipolytica yeast batch cultures in order to assess its valorization to whole-cell biocatalysts with lipolytic properties. Almost 90% of the waste carbon source in medium was used and batch cultures of Y. lipolytica W29 were characterized with biomass yield of 18.59 g/dm3 and lipolytic activity of 53.41 U/g. The yeast biomass was used as a whole-cell biocatalyst in the synthesis of esters of selected phenolic compounds (acetates of 2-phenylethanol, tyrosol (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol) and 3-phenyl-1-propanol, and ethyl esters of phenylacetic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, 3-phenylpropanoic, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acids). Y. lipolytica biomass was able to catalyze esterification of 3-phenylpropanoic acid (conversion of 95% after 24 h), but conversion of other acids to their esters was very weak, and in the case of transesterification of aromatic alcohols with vinyl acetate, conversions were 27%–63% after 24 h. Synthesized esters were tested prior potential activities as food additives. Esters of hydroxylated phenolic compounds showed activity of 2.5 mg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii, exhibited similar antioxidant properties to their precursors, and were better soluble in lipids, which increases the possibility of their use in the food industry.

Enhanced Triacylglycerol Metabolism Contributes to Efficient Oil Utilization and High-Level Production of Salinomycin in Streptomyces albus ZD11

ABSTRACT Streptomyces is well known for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with diverse bioactivities. Although oils have been employed as carbon sources to produce polyketide antibiotics for several industrial Streptomyces strains, the intrinsic correlation between oil utilization and high production of antibiotics still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the correlation between oil metabolism and salinomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces albus ZD11, which employs soybean oil as the main carbon source. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the enrichment of genes related to triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in S. albus ZD11. Transcriptomic profiling further confirmed the enhancement of TAG metabolism and acyl coenzyme A biosynthesis in S. albus ZD11. Multiple secreted lipases, which catalyze TAG hydrolysis, were seen to be working in a synergistic and complementary manner in aiding the efficient and stable hydrolyzation of TAGs. Together, our results suggest that enhanced TAG hydrolysis and fatty acid degradation contribute to the high efficiency of oil utilization in S. albus ZD11 in order to provide abundant carbon precursors for cell growth and salinomycin biosynthesis. IMPORTANCE In order to obtain high-level production of antibiotics, oils have been used as the main carbon source for some Streptomyces strains. Based on multiomics analysis, this study provides insight into the relationship between triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism and antibiotic biosynthesis in S. albus ZD11, an oil-preferring industrial Streptomyces strain. Our investigation into TAG hydrolysis yielded further evidence that this strain utilizes complicated strategies enabling an efficient TAG metabolism. In addition, a novel secreted lipase was identified that exhibited highly hydrolytic activity for medium- and long-chain TAGs. Our findings represent a good start toward clarifying the complicated relationship between TAG catabolism and high-level antibiotic production in the industrial strains.

Substitusi Lemak Susu dengan Virgin Coconut Oil terhadap Mutu Es Krim [The Substitution of Milk Fat with Virgin Coconut Oil to Ice Cream Quality]

<p>In order to increase the diversity of coconut oil utilization, a study on the substitution of milk fat in premium ice cream grade with virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been done. The aim of this experiment is to obtain information about the effects of the substitution on pH, overrun, and sensory properties of premium ice cream. This research was conducted in the laboratory of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Post Harvest Research and Development on the period of April-June 2015. Premium ice cream with five different ratios of of milk fat and VCO (1:0), (1:1), (2:1), (1:2), (0:1) were made. The ice cream production involves mixing, pasteurization, homogenation, aging and freezing. The sensory result shows the non-dependent effect of ratio of 1:1 against 100% milk fat ice cream on all aspects of sensory except on roughness. Therefore, the best ratio for the substitution is at 1:1 ratio. The size of the ice crystals can be reduced by the addition of emulsifier. The pH of theice cream was found around 6.82-6.90. The Overrun value F0 (milk fat: VCO 1:0) and F2 (milk fat: VCO 1:1) accordance SNI (01-3713-1995) standards for household scale (30-50%), and overrun value F1 (milk fat:VCO 2:1) accordance for industy scale (70-80%).</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Untuk meningkatkan diversitas dalam pemanfaatan minyak kelapa, telah dilakukan penelitian substitusi lemak susu dalam produk es krim premium dengan minyak nabati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh subtitusi lemak susu dengan <em>Virgin Coconut Oil </em>(VCO) terhadap karakteristik sensori, pH, dan <em>overrun </em>es krim. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pengolahan Hasil, Balai Besar Pascapanen pada bulan April-Juni 2015. Es krim dengan kandungan lemak minimal 12% dibuat dengan komposisi lemak susu: VCO (1:0), (1:1), (2:1), (1:2), (0:1). Proses pembuatan es krim meliputi 5 tahap, yaitu pencampuran bahan, pasteurisasi, homogenisasi, pematangan (<em>aging</em>), dan pembekuan. Hasil analisis sensori (tekstur, penampakan, dan kecepatan leleh), <em>overrun, </em>dan pH es krim diperoleh rasio lemak susu: VCO 1:1 memberikan pengaruh tidak berbeda nyata terhadap es krim dengan 100% lemak susu untuk semua parameter yang diamati, kecuali pada organoleptik tekstur “kasar oleh kristal es”. Oleh karena itu, lemak susu dapat digantikan dengan lemak nabati (VCO) dengan perbandingan 1:1 pada pembuatan es krim. Kristal es pada es krim dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan penstabil yang sesuai. Hasil analisis pH es krim diperoleh pH 6,82-6,90. Nilai <em>overrun</em> pada perlakuan F0 (lemak susu: VC0 1:0) dan F2 (lemak susu:VCO 1:1) sesuai dengan syarat mutu es krim berdasarkan SNI 01-3713-1995 untuk skala rumah tangga 30-50% dan F1 (lemak susu: VCO 2:1) sesuai skala industri 70-80%.</p><p> </p>