Fault Detection and Efficiency Assessment for HVAC Systems Using Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: A Review

Heat, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are some of the most energy-intensive equipment in buildings and their faulty or inefficient operation can significantly increase energy waste. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which is a software-based tool, has been a popular research area over the last few decades. NILM can play an important role in providing future energy efficiency feedback and developing fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) tools in smart buildings. Therefore, the review of NILM-based methods for FDD and the energy efficiency (EE) assessment of HVACs can be beneficial for users as well as buildings and facilities operators. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first review paper on the application of NILM techniques in these areas and highlights their effectiveness and limitations. This review shows that even though NILM could be successfully implemented for FDD and the EE evaluation of HVACs, and enhance the performance of these techniques, there are many research opportunities to improve or develop NILM-based FDD methods to deal with real-world challenges. These challenges and future research works are also discussed in-depth.

Optimisation of the Operation of an Industrial Power Plant under Steam Demand Uncertainty

The operation of on-site power plants in the chemical industry is typically determined by the steam demand of the production plants. This demand is uncertain due to deviations from the production plan and fluctuations in the operation of the plants. The steam demand uncertainty can result in an inefficient operation of the power plant due to a surplus or deficiency of steam that is needed to balance the steam network. In this contribution, it is proposed to use two-stage stochastic programming on a moving horizon to cope with the uncertainty. In each iteration of the moving horizon scheme, the model parameters are updated according to the new information acquired from the plants and the optimisation is re-executed. Hedging against steam demand uncertainty results in a reduction of the fuel consumption and a more economic generation of electric power, which can result in significant savings in the operating cost of the power plant. Moreover, unplanned load reductions due to lack of steam can be avoided. The application of the new approach is demonstrated for the on-site power plant of INEOS in Köln, and significant savings are reported in exemplary simulations.

Comparative interference analysis of the configuration of coastal radar stations with different antenna parameters, on the example of the area of operation of the Vessel’s traffic service of the port of Novorossiysk

В статье рассмотрены основные технические средства – береговые радиолокационные станции, которые как объект эксплуатации, представляют собой сложную техническую систему, состоящую из конструктивно оформленных элементов с разным уровнем надежности, и часто имеющих самостоятельное назначение, свои частные цели и задачи функционирования. Этап эксплуатации технических средств играет особую роль в процессе жизненного цикла системы управления движением судов (СУДС), поскольку все усилия, затраченные на создание высококачественной системы, могут быть сведены на "нет" неправильно или нерационально организованной эксплуатацией. Следовательно, эксплуатация должна обеспечивать наибольшую эффективность функционирования технических средств. Поэтому, проблема повышения уровня эксплуатационной надежности технических средств СУДС является актуальной, ибо повышение эффективности эксплуатации портов, флота и обеспечение чистоты среды немыслимо без технического, методического и организационного совершенствования береговых СУДС, оборудованных современными средствами радиолокации, связи, телевидения и программно-аппаратными комплексами. Поэтому, объектом исследования являются береговые радиолокационные станции, предмет – их тактико-технические характеристики. Цель исследования – анализ работы технических средств действующей СУДС порта Новороссийск, осуществляющих сбор и передачу информации о судоходной обстановке в районе действия, для интерференционного анализа конфигурации береговых радиолокационных станций при различных параметрах антенн. The article discusses the main technical means - coastal radar stations, which, as an object of operation, are a complex technical system consisting of structurally designed elements with different levels of reliability, and often having an independent purpose, their particular goals and objectives of functioning. The operational phase of the technical means plays a special role in the life cycle of a vessel’s traffic service (VTS), since all the efforts spent on creating a high-quality system can be canceled out by improper or inefficient operation. Consequently, the operation should ensure the highest efficiency of the functioning of the technical means. Therefore, the problem of increasing the level of operational reliability of the technical means of the VTS is urgent, because increasing the efficiency of the operation of ports, the fleet and ensuring the cleanliness of the environment is unthinkable without the technical, methodological and organizational improvement of the coastal VTS equipped with modern means of radar, communications, television and software and hardware complexes. Therefore, the object of research is coastal radar stations, the subject is their tactical and technical characteristics. The purpose of the study is to analyze the operation of the technical means of the operating VTS of the port of Novorossiysk, collecting and transmitting information about the navigational situation in the area of ​​operation, for interference analysis of the configuration of coastal radar stations with various antenna parameters.

Hotel Purchasing sebagai Fungsi Pengendalian Biaya dan Peningkatan Profit

Purchasing is a series of activities resulting in the selection and acquisition of desired commodities services. The purchasing function is extremely important. Any money that is saved during the purchasing process goes directly to the bottom line. Purchasing in the hospitality industries operation is a routine activity to purchase the good. Purchasing is an essential activity because controlling the cost of operation could be started from purchase. The wrong purchase causes inefficient operation, and the business could be lost. Managers of any business venture must understand the importance of controlling the purchasing function. Efficiently and effectiveness in purchasing should be saved cost for product. It could be to support generating profit in operation. The difficulty of generating a profit is only one of the reasons why the purchasing functions so pertinent. The purchasing could be efficient and effective if its activity base on 6 (six) objective of purchase, as follows: right product, the right price, right quality, right quantity, right time and the right supplier. Many managers in a business have an image that the profit only gets from generating sales, to increase the profit, the manager must be increase sales of the product. However, purchasing could be generating profit most easily and efficiently more than generating profit from sales. Generating profit in operation could be get from purchasing control. In this manner, the business could increase the power competitive by cost control from purchase

3-D modeling and monitoring system on intelligent film-lifting shovel based on BECKHOFF

Film shovel is the key device for mechanized operation of residual film recovery, in which the depth of soil breakage of the shovel is related to the degree of damage to the plastic film and the recovery efficiency of the residual film. However, the current mode of operation requires experience and visual inspection, which often leads to low level of mechanization and inefficient operation. The topic is to improve the existing residual film recovery device, focusing on the three-dimensional modeling and monitoring system of intelligent film lifting shovel. By optimizing the three-dimensional structure of the intelligent film-lifting shovel and kinematics simulation analysis based on Adams software, the design inclination angle of the loosening shovel is 60∘, and the breaking depth of the safe operation is 20–50 mm. Then through the use of Ethernet interface based on EtherCAT bus and the real-time bidirectional communication between BECKHOFF CX2030 controller and module and HMI, the on-line data transmission in the process of intelligent film shovel operation is realized. Field test results verify that the intelligent film-lifting shovel is feasible in the intelligent operation and recovery efficiency of the residual film recovery operation, which can greatly improve the efficiency of the whole machine operation.

Fuel savings by using better-quality insulation in refrigerated vans

An additional attention must be payed to the energy efficiency of refrigerated vans transporting perishable foodstuffs, because inefficient operation of refrigeration units installed on these vehicles increases fuel consumption and exhaust gases emissions. The amount of fuel consumed by mechanical refrigeration unit drive can be reduced in many ways. This paper is analysing the impact of thermal insulation quality on the fuel consumed by mechanical refrigeration unit installed on a typical van. The results of the research show that by choosing better-quality thermal insulation around € 420 can be saved annually on fuel consumed by mechanical refrigeration unit driven by vehicle's engine while transporting deeply frozen fish at -20 °C (or other foodstuffs at given temperature). If the van is transporting raw meat (for example) at 0 °C annual savings can be around € 110. When the van is used for transport of deeply frozen fish the investment will pay off after 3.5 years of vehicle exploitation, while if the raw meat is transported the investment will pay off after approximately 14 years. The analysis includes the price of insulating the van, current fuel price in Serbia, as well as the average monthly temperatures in the territory of Belgrade, Serbia.

MODERNIZATION OF THE PUMPING STATION OF TECHNICAL WATER SUPPLY ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC «OMSK KAUCHUK»

Since reducing energy consumption is a priority for an enterprise, economic effi ciency in general is directly related to the use of pumping equipment. The demand for electricity for pumping equipment will depend on various factors: the operating modes of pumping stations and installations, the equipment used measures to reduce the cost of electricity consumed, etc. The current practice indicates extremely inefficient operation of pumping equipment. Currently, a large number of pumping stations of water supply and sanitation systems operate in an uneconomical mode. Very often, this is due to incorrect selection of pumping equipment, outdated pumping equipment, the operation of pumps in non- calculation mode. In addition, pumping equipment has been installed in many industries since the establishment of production. Such equipment is morally and technically outdated. Now,technological progress allows us to use more efficient equipment and materials that allow us to reduce energy consumption. The article presents an analysis of the energy consumption of a pumping station of technical water supply on the example of JSC «Omsk Kauchuk», a variant of modernization is proposed in order to reduce the consumption of electricity by pumping equipment. The need to modernize the pumping station of technical water supply is associated with a significant service life and high –energy consumption of pumping equipment. Two pump brands were selected and a comparative analysis was carried out. Based on calculations of energy consumption and technological characteristics, the most profitable and optimal version of the D6300-80-2b pump was chosen, since the pump performance is greater and the power consumption is less than that of the JETEX DS600-750 pump, as well as reducing the wear rate of operating elements, improving the pump’s suction capacity

INFLUENCE OF MSW LANDFILLS ON DEGRADATION OF BIOGEOCENOSES OF COASTAL ZONES OF WATER COURSES AND THE BLACK SEA

Since reducing energy consumption is a priority for an enterprise, economic effi ciency in general is directly related to the use of pumping equipment. The demand for electricity for pumping equipment will depend on various factors: the operating modes of pumping stations and installations, the equipment used measures to reduce the cost of electricity consumed, etc. The current practice indicates extremely inefficient operation of pumping equipment. Currently, a large number of pumping stations of water supply and sanitation systems operate in an uneconomical mode. Very often, this is due to incorrect selection of pumping equipment, outdated pumping equipment, the operation of pumps in non- calculation mode. In addition, pumping equipment has been installed in many industries since the establishment of production. Such equipment is morally and technically outdated. Now,technological progress allows us to use more efficient equipment and materials that allow us to reduce energy consumption. The article presents an analysis of the energy consumption of a pumping station of technical water supply on the example of JSC «Omsk Kauchuk», a variant of modernization is proposed in order to reduce the consumption of electricity by pumping equipment. The need to modernize the pumping station of technical water supply is associated with a significant service life and high –energy consumption of pumping equipment. Two pump brands were selected and a comparative analysis was carried out. Based on calculations of energy consumption and technological characteristics, the most profitable and optimal version of the D6300-80-2b pump was chosen, since the pump performance is greater and the power consumption is less than that of the JETEX DS600-750 pump, as well as reducing the wear rate of operating elements, improving the pump’s suction capacity

Evaluation and analysis of the efficiency of crop production in Ukraine by the DEA method

The purpose of the article is to estimation the technical, pure technical and scale efficiency of the production of crop production in Ukraine, to identify sources of inefficiency by the DEA method. Research methods. The DEA method was used for estimation the technical, pure technical and scale efficiency of the studied agricultural enterprises and for identify sources of inefficiency. Research results. Based on statistical information for 2019, the DEA method evaluated the technical, pure technical, large-scale efficiency of enterprises in the regions of Ukraine in the field of crop production, analyzed such to determine the causes of inefficient operation of the studied enterprises. Scientific novelty. The features of the application of the DEA method to estimation of technical, pure technical, scale efficiency of agricultural enterprises and identify the causes of inefficient work were identified. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used to rank agricultural enterprises by efficiency, to identified the causes of their inefficient work. Tabl.: 3. Refs.: 12.

Diagnosis of Fault Modes Masked by Control Loops with an Application to Autonomous Hovercraft Systems

This paper introduces a methodology for the design, testing and assessment of incipient failure detection techniques for failing components/systems of critical engineered systems/processes masked or hidden by feedback control loops. It is recognized that the optimum operation of critical assets (aircraft, autonomous systems, industrial processes, etc.) may be compromised by feedback control loops, which mask severe fault modes while compensating for typical disturbances. Detrimental consequences of such occurrences include the inability to detect expeditiously and accurately incipient failures, loss of control, and inefficient operation of assets in the form of fuel overconsumption and adverse environmental impact. A novel control-theoretic framework is presented to address the masking problem. Major elements of the proposed approach are employed in simulation to develop, implement and validate how faults are distinguished from disturbances and how faults are detected and identified with performance guarantees, i.e., prescribed confidence level and given false alarm rate.The demonstration and validity of the tools/methods employed necessitates, in addition to the theoretical content, a suitable testbed. We have employed and describe briefly in this paper an autonomous hovercraft as the test prototype. We pursue a systems engineering process to design, construct and test the prototype hovercraft instrumented appropriately for purposes of fault injection, monitoring and the presence of control loops. We emphasize a general control-theoretic framework to the masking problem and utilize a simulation environment to derive results and illustrate the efficacy of the methodology.