Biofertilizers in the control of Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean crop

Nematodes are of great importance in soybean cultivation, especially the Pratylenchus brachyurus known as root lesion nematode. Its attack on plant roots causes less efficiency in the absorption of water and nutrients, in addition to damaging the plant's development. There is still no fully efficient method to control this phytopathogen, however, some products are available on the market, including biological control. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate commercial biological products in the efficiency of reducing the nematode population in soybean crop in Goiás, Brazil. The design was completely randomized in a 2x4 factorial scheme, the first factor being two soybean genotypes (Brasmax Bônus and Nidera NS 8383) and the second factor the treatments consisting of different dosages in an association of three commercial products: No-Estio®, Bio-fertility® and Radic®. The treatments used were: T1 control - without application of the products; T2 half the recommended dose; T3 the recommended dose and T4 a dose and a half that recommended by the manufacturer. Plant evaluation was carried out after 75 days of nematode inoculation. The results obtained showed that both cultivars hosted P. brachyurus, however, the treatments using the products had a lower population density of this nematode. It was concluded that the two soybean cultivars are hosts of Pratylenchus brachyurus. The agronomic character plant height was more affected when there was no application by the biological method. The association of No-Estio®, Bio-fertility® and Radic® products reduced the population density of nematodes in infected plants.

Integrated Nutrient Management Improves the Growth and Yield of Rice and Greengram in a Rice—Greengram Cropping System under the Coastal Plain Agro-Climatic Condition

Continuous mono-cropping of rice has resulted in decline or stagnation of yield output due to the occurrence of multiple nutrient deficiencies and worsening of soil physicochemical properties accompanying increased pressure of insect pests and diseases. The basic concept of integrated nutrient management (INM) is maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and supply of plant nutrients to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimisation of benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated way. Augmenting a rice-based cropping system with pulses is a prevalent and indigenous cropping system under rainfed conditions. Considering the above facts, experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of integrated nutrient management on productivity of aromatic rice–greengram cropping system and nutrient balance of the post-harvest soil for agricultural sustainability under rainfed conditions in two consecutive years (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) with six main plots and three subplots. The experimental findings revealed that the treatment comprised of 50% recommended dose of fertiliser (RDF) through chemicals + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through farmyard manure (FYM) increased the plant height, tillers, dry matter accumulation, leaf area and leaf area duration, and yield parameters in short grain aromatic rice. Similarly, preceding application of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM to rice and further application 75% RDF + Rhizobium+ phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to greengram increased the growth characteristics and yield parameters—such as pods/plant, seeds/pod, grain yield, stover yield, and harvest index—in greengram. It was concluded that the treatment consisting of 50% RDF (chemical fertiliser) + 50% RDN (FYM) to rice and 75% RDF + Rhizobium + PSB to greengram increased the productivity of the rice–greengram cropping system. Furthermore, the adoption of INM has positively impacted post-harvest soil nutrient balance.

Effect of different fertilizer doses on the production of Chaite-5 paddy variety in Dhanusha District, Nepal

The application of inorganic nutrient sources is necessary for proper agricultural growth that can ensure high quality food production. A field experiment was carried out in Hansapur, Dhanusha from March 2021 to July 2021 to study the effect of different fertilizer doses on the growth and yield of rice. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 7 different treatments following three replications. The treatments were named as T1: Control, T2: RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizers - 100:30:30 kg NPK/ha), T3: Double dose of RDF (200: 60: 60 kg NPK/ha), T4: A half dose of RDF (50: 15: 15 kg NPK/ha), T5: 125% dose of RDF (125: 37.5: 37.5 kg NPK/ha), T6: Locally available Azolla (300 kg/ha), and T7: FYM (6 ton/ha), respectively. Different doses of RDF showed a significant effect on growth, yield, and yield contributing characters of Chaite-5 variety. Results of the study showed that the application of a double dose of RDF (200: 60: 60 kg NPK/ha) gave the maximum yield (9.50 ton/ha). It was also recorded that 125% dose of RDF, recommended dose of fertilizers and FYM gave satisfactory results. Results revealed that the highest plant height, effective tillers/hill, panicle number, panicle length, total spikelet/hill, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were obtained from the use of a double dose of RDF (200: 60: 60 kg NPK/ha). It was observed that yield of rice can be increased substantially with the application of higher doses of nitrogenous fertilizers. Hence, a double dose of fertilizer can be the best supplement for improving growth and yield in rice.

Efficacy and Safety of Non-recommended Dose of New Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: The real-world treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) often involves the prescription of new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) using dosing both lower and higher than recommended guidelines. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-recommended dosage of NOACs in AF patients.Methods: A systematic search was performed for relevant studies across multiple electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials Registry) from inception to May 1, 2021. Multicenter randomized trials and observational studies were selected with key reporting measures for inclusion involved efficacy outcomes including stroke or systemic thromboembolism along with safety endpoints assessing major or clinically relevant bleeding events.Results: A total of 11 eligible studies were included involving 48,648 patients receiving recommended dose of NOACs and 50,116 patients receiving non-recommended dosage. Compared to AF patients treated with recommended dose regimens, administration of low dose of NOACs was associated with higher risk of stroke/systemic embolism (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.14–1.35, P < 0.00001), but without reducing bleeding risk (RR = 1.18, 95% CI 0.91–1.53, P = 0.21) and a higher risk of all-cause mortality (RR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.25–1.99, P = 0.0001). Moreover, high dose of NOACs was associated with higher risk of stroke and systemic embolism efficacy (RR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.06–2.76, P = 0.03) and a non-significant trend to a greater risk of major or clinically relevant bleeding (RR = 1.57, 95% CI 0.96–2.58, P = 0.07).Conclusions: AF patients treated with low dose of NOACs showed equivalent safety but with worse efficacy compared with recommended dose. High dose of NOACs was not superior to recommended dose regimens in preventing stroke/systemic embolism outcomes in AF patients.

Enrichment of Zinc and Iron Micronutrients in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) through Biofortification

Biofortification of pulse crops with Zn and Fe is a viable approach to combat their widespread deficiencies in humans. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a widely consumed edible crop possessing a high level of Zn and Fe micronutrients. Thus, the present study was conducted to examine the influence of foliar application of Zn and Fe on productivity, concentration, uptake and the economics of lentil cultivation (LL 931). For this, different treatment combinations of ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) and FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%), along with the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), were applied to the lentil. The results of study reported that the combined foliar application of ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) + FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%) at pre-flowering (S1) and pod formation (S2) stages was most effective in enhancing grain and straw yield, Zn and Fe concentration, and uptake. However, the outcome of this treatment was statistically on par with the results obtained under the treatment ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) + FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%) at S1 stage. A single spray of ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) + FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%) at S1 stage enhanced the grain and straw yield up to 39.6% and 51.8%, respectively. Similarly, Zn and Fe concentrations showed enhancement in grain (10.9% and 20.4%, respectively) and straw (27.5% and 27.6% respectively) of the lentil. The increase in Zn and Fe uptake by grain was 54.8% and 68.0%, respectively, whereas uptake by straw was 93.6% and 93.7%, respectively. Also the benefit:cost was the highest (1.96) with application of ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) + FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%) at S1 stage. Conclusively, the combined use of ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) + FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%) at S1 stage can contribute significantly towards yield, Zn and Fe concentration, as well as uptake and the economic returns of lentil to remediate the Zn and Fe deficiency.

The Effects Of Some Insecticides On Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

In the study, the topical application (1 µl/bee), contact (5 ml/pot/10 bees) and residual (5 ml/pot/10 bees) effects of eight insecticides (Methiocarb, Alphacypermethrin, Indoxacarb, Spinosad, Thiacloprid + Deltamethrin, Thiamethoxam, Thiamethoxam + Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Zeta Cypermethrin), which are commonly used in pest control in hazelnut cultivation, were investigated on Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:Apidae). The study was conducted with 10 young worker bees in 4 replicates. Knock-down effect and 48-hour mortality were determined in all three methods. The study was conducted under 65-70% humidity and 24 ± 1 oC laboratory conditions. The study findings demonstrated that the impact of the topical application was low in all pesticides, while the other two methods led to 100% mortality after 48 hours at the recommended dose. The highest contact effect was observed with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, zeta cypermethrin, methiocarb and indoxacarb, followed by thiacloprid + deltamethrin, Spinosad and alphacypermethrin. Among the insecticides tested for residual effects, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, zeta cypermethrin and Spinosad led to over 90% mortality after 5 days.

Effect of tillage and fertilizer doses on growth and growth indices of soybean (Glycine max L.) under conservation tillage systems

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019 at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur to study the effect of tillage and fertilizer doses on growth and growth indices of soybean under conservation tillage systems. The experiment consisted of twelve treatment combinations which included three tillage systems minimum tillage, minimum tillage with crop residue and conventional tillage and four fertility levels viz; 25 % recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) , 50 %(RDF) , 75 % RDF and 100% RDF and which were tested in split plot design with tillage system in main plots and fertility levels in sub plots.The soil texture of experimental site was silty clay loam. Minimum tillage along with crop residues (T2)recorded significantly taller plants and higher dry matter accumulation followed by conventional tillage. Absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, dry matter efficiency, relative growth rate and unit area efficiency were significantly higher with minimum tillage + crop residue treatment. Application of 100 % followed by 75 % recommended dose of fertilizer resulted in significantly higher growth parameters and growth indices.

379 Contemporary use of guideline directed medical therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy: therapeutic optimization and prognostic benefits

Aims Therapy with antineurohormonal drugs at target doses has a prognostic benefits in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a particular setting where the possible benefit of target doses of antineurohormonal drugs is unexplored. Methods and results All patients enrolled from 1/1/1992 to 1/3/2020 in the Trieste Muscle Heart Disease register affected by DCM with data on the dosage of therapy available both enrollment and at follow-up visit (i.e., 6–12 month) were included. The population was divided according to the percentage of recommended dose prescribed (0–49%, 50–99%, 100%) of both renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) and beta blockers (BB). A composite of death/heart transplant/hospitalization for heart failure was considered as the primary endpoint; a composite of sudden cardiac death/major ventricular arrythmias/defibrillator intervention was evaluated as a secondary endpoint. Prognostic associations were explored with uni- and multivariate analyses, Cox regressions, Kaplan–Meier, cumulative incidence curves and propensity score matching. 826 patients were included. At baseline 789 (96%) were taking a RASi and 627 (76%) a BB. The target dose of RASi was prescribed in 29% and 36% of patients at enrolment and at follow-up visit, respectively. The percentage of patients taking the maximum recommended dose of BB was 10% at baseline and 17% after optimization. Predictors of reaching target dose for RASi were BMI < 25 kg/m2, male sex [HR: 1.798 (95% CI: 1.073–3.012), P = 0.026] and higher systolic blood pressure [HR per mmHg 1.038 (95% CI: 1.025–1.051), P < 0.001]. Target dose predictors of BB were age [HR per year 0.527 (95% CI: 0.347–0.802), P = 0.003] and highest systolic blood pressure [HR per mmHg 1.024 (95% CI: 1.013–1.035), P < 0.001]. After adjustment target dose of RASi or BB did not show a significant association with the risk of primary outcome occurrence compared to those taking less than 50% (P = 0.550 for RASi and P = 0.921 for BB). The incidence of arrhythmic events was significantly lower in patients taking 100% of recommended dose of BB compared to those taking less than 50% (P = 0.009), after adjustment for confounders. The target dose of RASi was not associated with an arrhythmic events risk change (P = 0.688). Conclusions In DCM a significant number of patients do not tolerate maximal therapy doses, mainly due to hypotension. The achievement of the target dose of RASi and BB, after adjustment for confounders had a neutral effect on the incidence of heart failure-related events. Uptitration of BB to the recommended dose has a strong protective effect on arrhythmic events.

Trace Amounts of Antibiotic Altered Metabolomic and Microbial Profiles of Weaned Pigs Infected with a Pathogenic E. coli­­­­­­­

Background: Our previous study has shown that supplementation of trace amounts of antibioticexacerbated the detrimental effects of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infection and delayed the recovery of pigs that may be associated with modified metabolites and metabolic pathways. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the impacts of trace levels of antibiotic (carbadox) on host metabolic profiles and colon microbiota of weaned pigs experimentally infected with ETEC F18. Results: The multivariate analysis highlighted a distinct metabolomic profile of serum and colon digesta between trace amounts of antibiotic (TRA) and label-recommended dose antibiotic (REC) on d 5 post-inoculation (PI). The relative abundance of metabolomic markers of amino acids, carbohydrates, and purine metabolism were significantly differentiated between the TRA and REC groups (q < 0.2). In addition, pigs in REC group had the highest (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and tended to have increased (P < 0.10) relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae in the colon digesta on d 5 PI. On d 11 PI, pigs in REC had greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Clostridiaceae compared with other groups, whereas had reduced (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotellaceae than pigs in control group.Conclusions: Trace amounts of antibiotic resulted in differential metabolites and metabolic pathways that may be associated with its slow responses against ETEC F18 infection. The altered gut microbiota profiles by label-recommended dose antibiotic may contribute to the promotion of disease resistance in weaned pigs.

Integrative Effects of Treated Wastewater and Synthetic Fertilizers on Productivity, Energy Characteristics, and Elements Uptake of Potential Energy Crops in an Arid Agro-Ecosystem

Using wastewater in agriculture is a desirable alternative source of irrigation and is gaining attraction worldwide. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the effect of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) and groundwater (GW), along with half and full doses of the recommended NPK dose on the plant growth, total biomass, gross energy, and macro- and trace element content and uptake of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) grown in old and virgin soil as potential bioenergy crops. The results showed that crops planted in old or virgin soil irrigated with TWW had higher values of plant height, leaf area per plant, total chlorophyll content, total biomass, and gross and net energy contents compared to those irrigated with GW grown in virgin soil. Similarly, crops grown in old soil irrigated with TWW showed higher concentrations in dry matter and uptake for both macronutrients (N, P, and K) and trace elements (B, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni) compared to those planted in virgin soil and irrigated with GW. Furthermore, the application of the recommended half dose of NPK in old and virgin soil irrigated with TWW showed occasionally comparable results to that of a full recommended dose of NPK for most of the measured parameters. Importantly, the recommended half dose applied to old soil irrigated with TWW resulted in a significant improvement in all measured parameters compared to virgin soil irrigated with GW, along with a full recommended dose of NPK. Briefly, TWW can be used to irrigate crops grown for bioenergy purposes, since it did not pose any harmful effect for energy crops. In addition, it provides additional nutrients to soil and thus decreases the required rate of synthetic fertilizer by up to 50% without any significant decreases in the final production of crops.