Pyrolysis of Waste Polyolefin’s and E-component to Produce Renewable Green Fuel (RGF) Over CdCO3

The interest and relevance of the present paper is in the current waste plastics valorization scenario. The rapid depletion of fossil sources carbon as crude oil and their ever-increasing costs has led to an intensive search for alternative fuels. The renewable green fuel (RGF) or alternative fuel was obtained from waste low and high-density polyethylene (LD-PE, HD-PE) or polyolefin’s and computer-body through pyrolysis process using a CdCO3 from 23 °C to 400 °C. Five types of hydrocarbons were observed through 2D GCxGC/TOFMS, such as 7.621 % paraffin’s, 53.66 % branched / cyclic hydrocarbons, 14.83 % aromatics, 0.37 % phenanthrenes, and some unclassified compounds were 27.11 %. The research octane number of RGF was 88.29. The bromine number of RGF is 34.03 %. RGF was suitable for diesel engines and diesel furnaces without any upgrading. During the first, second and third pyrolysis experiments, 98 g, 95 g and 100 g (wt %) waste granules with 2 g, 5 g and 0 g (wt %) CdCO3 into RGFs were 85 %, 89 % and 80 % collected; uncondensed gases were 14.22 %, 10.15 % and 19.52 % collected; the residue were 0.78 %, 0.85 % and 0.48 % collected.

Molybdenum Carbide and Sulfide Nanoparticles as Selective Hydrotreating Catalysts for FCC Slurry Oil to Remove Olefins and Sulfur

As the two types of major impurities in FCC slurry oil (SLO), olefins and sulfur seriously deteriorate the preparation and quality of mesophase pitch or needle coke. The development of a hydrotreatment for SLO to remove olefins and sulfur selectively becomes imperative. This work presents the potentiality of dispersed Mo2C and MoS2 nanoparticles as selective hydrotreating catalysts of SLO. Mo2C was synthesized by the carbonization of citric acid, ammonium molybdate and KCl mixtures while MoS2 was prepared from the decomposition of precursors. These catalysts were characterized by XRD, HRTEM, XPS, BJH, BET, and applied to the hydrotreating of an SLO surrogate with defined components and real SLO. The conversion of olefins, dibenzothiophene and anthracene in the surrogate was detected by GC-MS. Elemental analysis, bromine number, diene value, 1H-NMR and spot test were used to characterize the changes of the real SLO. The results show that hydrotreating the SLO surrogate with a very small amount of Mo-based nanoparticles could selectively remove olefins and sulfur without the overhydrogenation of polyaromatics. Mo2C exhibited much better activity than MoS2, with 95% of olefins and dibenzothiophene in the surrogate removed while only 15% anthracene was hydrogenated. The stability of the real SLO was significantly improved. Its structural parameters changed subtly, proving the aromatic macromolecules had been preserved.

Correlation between the emulsion oligomerization parameters for C9 fraction and the characteristics of hydrocarbon resins

This paper investigates the production of hydrocarbon resins by emulsion oligomerization of the С9 fraction hydrocarbons in liquid by-products of oil refining. Such oligomers have a wide range of applications as film-forming agents in paints and anti-color coatings. Emulsion oligomerization was carried out using emulsifiers of the first and second kind. The study was performed at different values of the reaction temperature of the reaction duration, the intensity of agitation; concentrations of the emulsifier; С9:water fraction ratio. The resulting products were estimated according to the following indicators: the yield, unsaturation degree, softening temperature, mean molecular weight, color. Statistical analysis was carried out, the correlation of parameters of emulsion oligomerization and the yield and characteristics of oligomers was established. Given that, it would be possible to establish the optimal conditions for emulsion oligomerization and predict the properties of the products obtained. Specifically, it was established that the yield of hydrocarbon resins does not correlate with the reaction temperature (0.15 and 0.30) and the concentration of emulsifiers (0.08 and 0.03). It was proven that in the intervals studied the variable yield of oligomers depends on the duration of the reaction (correlation 0.88 and 0.81). In the case of oligomerization in the reverse emulsion, a significant correlation with the yield is also demonstrated by agitation intensity (0.51) and a С9:water fraction ratio (0.51). That has made it possible to derive an equation of the yield multiple linear regression dependent on the most significant process parameters. The high values of the yield and bromine number correlation (0.94 and 0.93) give grounds to argue about the progress of oligomerization reaction. The relationship among the characteristics of oligomers has been confirmed. This indicates the possibility of directed adjustment of certain characteristics of hydrocarbon resins.

Influence of the Feedstock on the Process Parameters, Product Composition and Pilot-Scale Cracking of Plastics

Chemical recycling of polymers can lead to many different products and play a significant role in the circular economy through the use of plastic waste as a feedstock in the production of valuable materials. The polyolefins: polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), together with polystyrene (PS), can be chemically recycled by the thermal cracking (pyrolysis) process. In this study, continuous cracking of polyolefins and polystyrene in different proportions and with the addition of other polymers, like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), was investigated at the pilot scale in terms of the process parameters and product yields. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the detailed analysis of the products’ compositions. The boiling temperature distribution and the bromine number were used for additional characterization of products. It was found that an increase of PP share caused a decrease in the process temperature, an increase of the product yield and a shift of the boiling range towards lighter products, increasing the content levels for unsaturates and branched hydrocarbons. It was observed that the addition of 5% PS, PET and PVC reduced the overall product yield, resulting in the creation of a lower-boiling product and increasing the conversion of polyethylene. An addition of 10% polystyrene increased the PP conversion and resulted in a higher product yield, without significant change in the boiling temperatures distribution.

Conditions Optimization and Physiochemical Analysis of Oil Obtained by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Scrap Tube Rubber Using MgO as Catalyst

Motor vehicles scrap tires and tube rubbers generate a large amount of waste with different characteristics and compositions, contaminating the environment when not properly disposed. Waste inner tube rubber (isobutylene isoprene) representing a threat to the environment can be used as valuable source of energy. Waste inner tube rubber was pyrolyzed thermally under atmospheric pressure both with and without catalyst. Parameters of temperature, time, and catalyst weight were optimized for catalytic and thermal pyrolysis of isobutylene-isoprene rubber into liquid fuel, using MgO as catalyst. It was found that one-hour heating time at 350 °C using 2 g catalyst (MgO) constitutes a suitable parameter for the maximum conversion of scrap inner tube rubber into oil. The oil obtained was characterized by physical and chemical tests. Among the physical tests, Density, specific gravity, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, analine point and flash point were determined according to IP and ASTM standard valves. The physical tests indicate the presence of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Among the chemical tests, the phenol test, bromine number, bromine water test, and KMnO4 tests were conducted. The chemical tests are also the support of physical tests conducted. The physical and chemical tests indicate that the oil obtained is a mixture of kerosene, diesel, and light oil and could be used for fuel purposes.

A Ni-based catalyst with polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a dispersant supported in a pretreated fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue for C9 petroleum resin (C9 PR) hydrogenation

A Ni-based catalyst (Ni-PVP/PFC3R) with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a dispersant supported in a pretreated fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (PFC3R) was synthesized and applied to C9 petroleum resin (C9 PR) hydrogenation. For comparison, a Ni catalyst without PVP (Ni/PFC3R) was prepared in the same way. Ni-PVP/PFC3R exhibited higher activity and better stability. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, H 2 -temperature programmed reduction/temperature programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. The catalysts had a smaller crystallite size and stronger interactions between the Ni species and the PFC3R support in the presence of PVP. The effects of nickel loading, H 2 pressure, temperature and reaction time for C9 PR hydrogenation over Ni-PVP/PFC3R were investigated. The bromine number was reduced to 1.25 under the following conditions: nickel content of 12 wt%, PVP amount of 1.5 wt%, temperature of 270°C, H 2 pressure of 8 MPa and reaction time of 240 min.