Dual Class Model and Shareholder Agreements: An Analysis of Italian Companies

This paper analysed the changes in ownership concentration of the Italian financial market and the recourse to dual class model and shareholder agreements by Italian listed companies in the period 2009-2020. The analysis shows that the control market did not show signs in the period that would lead to presume an increase in the contestability of our companies. The attenuation in ownership concentration, highlighted by the reduction in the value of the Shapley-Shubik index, and the increase in the average market participation did not produce an increase in the contestability of Italian listed companies since the high concentration and limited contestability of control continue to characterize their ownership structures. Findings also show less recourse by the Italian companies to the instruments of separation between ownership and control in the considered period. The reduction in the number of companies that resort to the issue of shares without voting rights and the shareholders' agreements is also reflected in the lower incidence of the capitalization of these companies compared to the market capitalization.

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 15, No. 1

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2022

Motivational Strategies of Retail Company during Work from Home

According to the management scholars Richard Kreitchner and Carlene Cassidy, “the term motivation, refers to a physiological process that gives behavior purpose and direction”. It is thought that if an employee is motivated, they will be usually content with his employment, and since they will be happy, they will be able to provide their best effort and contribution to the task at hand. However, there are numerous sorts of motivation for everyone, and it is unlikely that every individual in the firm or in that particular area will be motivated in the same way. Employee Motivation Is defined as the Power That Propels Employees toward Achieving the Organization's Unique Goals and objectives. As the covid-19 epidemic affects our country, the goal of this study is to examine motivating elements that might influence employee performance while working from home. The respondents were chosen using standard random sampling procedures. The data was collected from 46 administrative personnel. The researcher studied several motivating elements and investigated how employee demographics such as age, gender, position, department, marital status, and housing situation may affect their degree of job satisfaction in this research study.

Marketing View of Core Competence Cultivating on Business Majors in Private Universities

It is necessary and feasible to develop core competencies for busniness majors of private universities. The purpose of this study was to apply business management theories, especially marketing theories to researches on busniness majors, along with the higher education theories. We trace back core competence theory, point out the essential elements and the interpretations of core competencies on disciplines and majors. It must conform to the law of higher education development, and the interdisciplinary theory should also be taken as an important analysis perspective. Good talents training mode is the key. This paper studies the way to optimize the mode in the perspective of target marketing. We should follow three steps: segmenting, targeting, positioning. We can use multitudinous variables such as age, preferences, interests, etc. to segment education market, employ indifference marketing, differentiated marketing or focus marketing to choose the suitable target market on the basis of our own strengths and weaknesses. And then, offer the tailored talents training plans. Private universities should position themselves properly, it will directly result in school-running ideas, funding, curriculum development, types of talents etc. The training objective is core of training mode, also the cornerstone and guidance of other elements. The curriculum system gives support to achieving training goals, it affects the coordinated development of students’ knowledges, abilities, quality structure. The paper uses product theory to inquire into curriculum orientation, curriculum modes and teaching methods. It also expounds the structuring of practical teaching system. School, discipline, and major images intensively embody the core competence, image-building is a process of brand shaping and communicating. Some specific marketing measures are applied to promote business majors development. The measures include internal branding and other three strategies: brand image speaker, affections, cultural charm. Finally, the research conclusions and relevant suggestions are put forward.

Fintech: A Literature Review

This article analyzes the Fintech evolution. After describing the process of this phenomenon, some of the main definitions are provided both nationally and internationally. Finally, six main models of Fintech are analyzed. Through a systematic literature, 14 articles have been selected that deal with the phenomenon of Fintech. Six Fintech business models implemented by the ever growing number of Fintech startups have been identified, payment, wealth management, crowdfunding, loan, capital market and insurance services. Internationally, Fintech has already been defined by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group (WBG), the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). On a national level, on the other hand, Fintech has been analyzed by various countries, USA, United Kingdom, Singapore, China, Switzerland, China, Australia and the European Union. Fintech refers to a broad set of innovations - observable in the financial field in a broad sense - which are made possible by the use of new technologies both in the offer of services to end users and in the internal production processes of financial operators as well as in the design of market enterprises, without thereby compromising new possible configurations of intersectoral activities. Fintech appears to be representative of innovative methods - based on technology - of carrying out activities directly or indirectly connected to financial services rather than being a pre-defined industrial sector. Following the logic of the digital economy, Fintech contributes to designing an open and continuous network of modular services for businesses, individuals and banking, financial and insurance intermediaries, becoming a powerful acceleration force for the integration policies of the financial services markets in the EU.

Analysis of Government Support, Network Adaptability and Online Sales Adoption Behavior of Fruit Farmers: Based on the Survey Data of Gannong

Online sales are an important part of agricultural product sales channels under the background of rural revitalization in the new era. Online sales play an active role in invigorating the agricultural product market, solving the problem of connecting small production with big market and promoting farmers' income, agricultural efficiency and rural welfare. Based on the field survey data of 511 fruit farmers in Jiangxi Province, this paper empirically analyzes the influence of government support and network adaptability on online sales behavior of fruit farmers by using binary Logistic model. The results show that the government's implementation of operating subsidies, preferential taxes and fees and technical training are helpful for fruit farmers to adopt online sales; Network adaptability can significantly positively affect online sales of fruit farmers, and at the same time, there is a positive adjustment between government support and online sales behavior of fruit farmers; By implementing various support measures, the government helps to improve the adaptability of fruit farmers' network, and further has a significant positive impact on fruit farmers' adoption of online sales behavior. The results provide theoretical basis for the relationship among government support, network adaptability and online sales of fruit farmers, and provide practical enlightenment for the government and fruit farmers.

The Future Prospect of Digital Marketing in the Malaysian Context

Under the globalization trend, digital marketing is part of the digitalization practices in the business world. Many organisations, companies and firms have practised digital marketing in their businesses, to start, explore or expand their markets. Digital marketing enables companies to achieve marketing objectives with digital technologies. In the advanced countries, such as US, UK, Japan, Australia, Singapore, etc., many organizations and industrial practitioners have implemented digital marketing practises that have changed from brick and mortar to online business channels. Like other forms of marketing channels, digital marketing has its benefits and pitfalls. This paper discusses the threats and opportunities, problems and challenges faced when promoting and expanding digital types of business and digital marketing in Malaysia, such as education, government policies, public awareness and users’ data protection. This paper shed some light on the importance and development of digital marketing in the Malaysian context and, the discussion outcomes raise further awareness and attention of companies to implement digital marketing in their business activities.

Empowerment of Micro, Small Medium Enterprises (MSMES) in Coconut Oil Development

Entrepreneurship development at the household level is the forerunner to the growth of an MSME. In the village of Antiga, Manggis District, Karangasem Regency, there is a home-based business engaged in the production of coconut oil (kelentik oil). Currently the level of marketing is only limited to traditional markets while the target is to be able to market products in modern markets. Therefore, this study has the objective to know the level of efficiency of production costs incurred by the producers of coconut oil (kelentik oil) in Antiga village, Manggis district, Karangasem regency; to know how to empower Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises producing coconut oil (kelentik oil) and to analyze the factors that influence the intention of buyers or consumers to buy coconut oil (kelentik oil) in Bali. The research method is a qualitative method. The result is that the production process is still traditional so that production cost efficiency is achieved. Furthermore, the empowerment of MSMEs is not yet optimal as business partners in marketing their products. Several factors influence consumers' intention to buy coconut oil (kelentik oil). So the input that can be given is to improve relationships or networks to be able to expand the market and improve product packaging.

Assessing the Effect of Integration in Logistics Sector on Economic Growth: Evidence from Sultanate of Oman

Logistics has been recognized as an important weapon for competitive advantage to boost economic growth. This paper examines the integration in the logistics sector that may result in increasing the economic growth. The study is also considering the role of government policy on the relationship between the factors of integration and the economic growth. The finding of this study shows that there is positive effect of: (1) Infrastructure on economic growth, (2) productivity on economic growth, (3) competiveness on economic growth, (4) Technological Advancement on economic growth. This study also found that (5) The Relationship between infrastructure, productivity, competiveness, technological advancement on economic growth moderated by government policies.

Role of China in Rohingya Crisis

The research paper focuses investigates the geo-political moves from the Chinese perspective whether there is a possibility for China to succeed in their negotiating acts between Bangladesh and Myanmar, which chronologically provides: a background to find the origin of the problem, clarifies reasons so important as a negotiator in this issue, the possible outcomes of the negotiation process and how it may affect China’s political standing with a series of research questions and problem statement. The researcher primarily denounces the conventional ideas that China only prefers to look after Myanmar’s interest or Sino-Myanmar relationship. Methodology section briefly analyzes the nature of the research and the type of data are used to justify researcher’s alternative views. The researcher demonstrates a comparative picture between Bangladesh and Myanmar in terms of their economic, political and military relationship with China both nations equally from their geo-political standing. Finally, the researcher describes to predict the possible outcomes of the current negotiation process considering Chinese involvement in Humanitarian aspects, steps taken by the Myanmar Military regime in repatriating the Rohingyas, Why does the democratic reform process so necessary for China as a negotiator, What Myanmar must do to regain the trust Rohingya citizens and how the current situation is endangering the Chinese diplomacy or why a worsening scenario between China and Myanmar may arise. All the findings and analysis inherently support the author’s alternative view and duly answer the research questions. Finally, the researcher discussed about the common lessons learned so far from international relations perspective.